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<a name="Debugging-gprof"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.4 Debugging <code>gprof</code></h3>

<p>If <code>gprof</code> was compiled with debugging enabled,
the &lsquo;<samp>-d</samp>&rsquo; option triggers debugging output
(to stdout) which can be helpful in understanding its operation.
The debugging number specified is interpreted as a sum of the following
options:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>2 - Topological sort</dt>
<dd><p>Monitor depth-first numbering of symbols during call graph analysis
</p></dd>
<dt>4 - Cycles</dt>
<dd><p>Shows symbols as they are identified as cycle heads
</p></dd>
<dt>16 - Tallying</dt>
<dd><p>As the call graph arcs are read, show each arc and how
the total calls to each function are tallied
</p></dd>
<dt>32 - Call graph arc sorting</dt>
<dd><p>Details sorting individual parents/children within each call graph entry
</p></dd>
<dt>64 - Reading histogram and call graph records</dt>
<dd><p>Shows address ranges of histograms as they are read, and each
call graph arc
</p></dd>
<dt>128 - Symbol table</dt>
<dd><p>Reading, classifying, and sorting the symbol table from the object file.
For line-by-line profiling (&lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; option), also shows line numbers
being assigned to memory addresses.
</p></dd>
<dt>256 - Static call graph</dt>
<dd><p>Trace operation of &lsquo;<samp>-c</samp>&rsquo; option
</p></dd>
<dt>512 - Symbol table and arc table lookups</dt>
<dd><p>Detail operation of lookup routines
</p></dd>
<dt>1024 - Call graph propagation</dt>
<dd><p>Shows how function times are propagated along the call graph
</p></dd>
<dt>2048 - Basic-blocks</dt>
<dd><p>Shows basic-block records as they are read from profile data
(only meaningful with &lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; option)
</p></dd>
<dt>4096 - Symspecs</dt>
<dd><p>Shows symspec-to-symbol pattern matching operation
</p></dd>
<dt>8192 - Annotate source</dt>
<dd><p>Tracks operation of &lsquo;<samp>-A</samp>&rsquo; option
</p></dd>
</dl>


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