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In an input section description, either the file name or the section name or both may be wildcard patterns.
The file name of ‘*’ seen in many examples is a simple wildcard pattern for the file name.
The wildcard patterns are like those used by the Unix shell.
matches any number of characters
matches any single character
matches a single instance of any of the chars; the ‘-’ character may be used to specify a range of characters, as in ‘[a-z]’ to match any lower case letter
quotes the following character
When a file name is matched with a wildcard, the wildcard characters will not match a ‘/’ character (used to separate directory names on Unix). A pattern consisting of a single ‘*’ character is an exception; it will always match any file name, whether it contains a ‘/’ or not. In a section name, the wildcard characters will match a ‘/’ character.
File name wildcard patterns only match files which are explicitly
specified on the command line or in an INPUT command. The linker
does not search directories to expand wildcards.
If a file name matches more than one wildcard pattern, or if a file name appears explicitly and is also matched by a wildcard pattern, the linker will use the first match in the linker script. For example, this sequence of input section descriptions is probably in error, because the data.o rule will not be used:
.data : { *(.data) }
.data1 : { data.o(.data) }
Normally, the linker will place files and sections matched by wildcards
in the order in which they are seen during the link. You can change
this by using the SORT_BY_NAME keyword, which appears before a wildcard
pattern in parentheses (e.g., SORT_BY_NAME(.text*)). When the
SORT_BY_NAME keyword is used, the linker will sort the files or sections
into ascending order by name before placing them in the output file.
SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT is similar to SORT_BY_NAME.
SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT will sort sections into descending order of
alignment before placing them in the output file. Placing larger
alignments before smaller alignments can reduce the amount of padding
needed.
SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY is also similar to SORT_BY_NAME.
SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY will sort sections into ascending
numerical order of the GCC init_priority attribute encoded in the
section name before placing them in the output file. In
.init_array.NNNNN and .fini_array.NNNNN, NNNNN is
the init_priority. In .ctors.NNNNN and .dtors.NNNNN,
NNNNN is 65535 minus the init_priority.
SORT is an alias for SORT_BY_NAME.
When there are nested section sorting commands in linker script, there can be at most 1 level of nesting for section sorting commands.
SORT_BY_NAME (SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (wildcard section pattern)).
It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if two
sections have the same name.
SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (SORT_BY_NAME (wildcard section pattern)).
It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if two
sections have the same alignment.
SORT_BY_NAME (SORT_BY_NAME (wildcard section pattern)) is
treated the same as SORT_BY_NAME (wildcard section pattern).
SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (wildcard section pattern))
is treated the same as SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (wildcard section pattern).
When both command-line section sorting option and linker script section sorting command are used, section sorting command always takes precedence over the command-line option.
If the section sorting command in linker script isn’t nested, the command-line option will make the section sorting command to be treated as nested sorting command.
SORT_BY_NAME (wildcard section pattern ) with
--sort-sections alignment is equivalent to
SORT_BY_NAME (SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (wildcard section pattern)).
SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (wildcard section pattern) with
--sort-section name is equivalent to
SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT (SORT_BY_NAME (wildcard section pattern)).
If the section sorting command in linker script is nested, the command-line option will be ignored.
SORT_NONE disables section sorting by ignoring the command-line
section sorting option.
If you ever get confused about where input sections are going, use the ‘-M’ linker option to generate a map file. The map file shows precisely how input sections are mapped to output sections.
This example shows how wildcard patterns might be used to partition files. This linker script directs the linker to place all ‘.text’ sections in ‘.text’ and all ‘.bss’ sections in ‘.bss’. The linker will place the ‘.data’ section from all files beginning with an upper case character in ‘.DATA’; for all other files, the linker will place the ‘.data’ section in ‘.data’.
SECTIONS {
.text : { *(.text) }
.DATA : { [A-Z]*(.data) }
.data : { *(.data) }
.bss : { *(.bss) }
}
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