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  68. 

  69. <body lang="en">

  70. <h1 class="settitle" align="center">The C Preprocessor</h1>

  71. 

  72. 

  73. 

  74. 

  75. 

  76. 

  77. 

  78. 

  79. 

  80. 

  81. 

  82. 

  83. <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>

  84. <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

  85. 

  86. <div class="contents">

  87. 

  88. <ul class="no-bullet">

  89.   <li><a name="toc-Overview-1" href="Overview.html#Overview">1 Overview</a>

  90.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  91.     <li><a name="toc-Character-sets-1" href="Character-sets.html#Character-sets">1.1 Character sets</a></li>

  92.     <li><a name="toc-Initial-processing-1" href="Initial-processing.html#Initial-processing">1.2 Initial processing</a></li>

  93.     <li><a name="toc-Tokenization-1" href="Tokenization.html#Tokenization">1.3 Tokenization</a></li>

  94.     <li><a name="toc-The-preprocessing-language-1" href="The-preprocessing-language.html#The-preprocessing-language">1.4 The preprocessing language</a></li>

  95.   </ul></li>

  96.   <li><a name="toc-Header-Files-1" href="Header-Files.html#Header-Files">2 Header Files</a>

  97.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  98.     <li><a name="toc-Include-Syntax-1" href="Include-Syntax.html#Include-Syntax">2.1 Include Syntax</a></li>

  99.     <li><a name="toc-Include-Operation-1" href="Include-Operation.html#Include-Operation">2.2 Include Operation</a></li>

  100.     <li><a name="toc-Search-Path-1" href="Search-Path.html#Search-Path">2.3 Search Path</a></li>

  101.     <li><a name="toc-Once_002dOnly-Headers-1" href="Once_002dOnly-Headers.html#Once_002dOnly-Headers">2.4 Once-Only Headers</a></li>

  102.     <li><a name="toc-Alternatives-to-Wrapper-_0023ifndef-1" href="Alternatives-to-Wrapper-_0023ifndef.html#Alternatives-to-Wrapper-_0023ifndef">2.5 Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef</a></li>

  103.     <li><a name="toc-Computed-Includes-1" href="Computed-Includes.html#Computed-Includes">2.6 Computed Includes</a></li>

  104.     <li><a name="toc-Wrapper-Headers-1" href="Wrapper-Headers.html#Wrapper-Headers">2.7 Wrapper Headers</a></li>

  105.     <li><a name="toc-System-Headers-1" href="System-Headers.html#System-Headers">2.8 System Headers</a></li>

  106.   </ul></li>

  107.   <li><a name="toc-Macros-1" href="Macros.html#Macros">3 Macros</a>

  108.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  109.     <li><a name="toc-Object_002dlike-Macros-1" href="Object_002dlike-Macros.html#Object_002dlike-Macros">3.1 Object-like Macros</a></li>

  110.     <li><a name="toc-Function_002dlike-Macros-1" href="Function_002dlike-Macros.html#Function_002dlike-Macros">3.2 Function-like Macros</a></li>

  111.     <li><a name="toc-Macro-Arguments-1" href="Macro-Arguments.html#Macro-Arguments">3.3 Macro Arguments</a></li>

  112.     <li><a name="toc-Stringizing-1" href="Stringizing.html#Stringizing">3.4 Stringizing</a></li>

  113.     <li><a name="toc-Concatenation-1" href="Concatenation.html#Concatenation">3.5 Concatenation</a></li>

  114.     <li><a name="toc-Variadic-Macros-1" href="Variadic-Macros.html#Variadic-Macros">3.6 Variadic Macros</a></li>

  115.     <li><a name="toc-Predefined-Macros-1" href="Predefined-Macros.html#Predefined-Macros">3.7 Predefined Macros</a>

  116.     <ul class="no-bullet">

  117.       <li><a name="toc-Standard-Predefined-Macros-1" href="Standard-Predefined-Macros.html#Standard-Predefined-Macros">3.7.1 Standard Predefined Macros</a></li>

  118.       <li><a name="toc-Common-Predefined-Macros-1" href="Common-Predefined-Macros.html#Common-Predefined-Macros">3.7.2 Common Predefined Macros</a></li>

  119.       <li><a name="toc-System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros-1" href="System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros.html#System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros">3.7.3 System-specific Predefined Macros</a></li>

  120.       <li><a name="toc-C_002b_002b-Named-Operators-1" href="C_002b_002b-Named-Operators.html#C_002b_002b-Named-Operators">3.7.4 C++ Named Operators</a></li>

  121.     </ul></li>

  122.     <li><a name="toc-Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros-1" href="Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros.html#Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros">3.8 Undefining and Redefining Macros</a></li>

  123.     <li><a name="toc-Directives-Within-Macro-Arguments-1" href="Directives-Within-Macro-Arguments.html#Directives-Within-Macro-Arguments">3.9 Directives Within Macro Arguments</a></li>

  124.     <li><a name="toc-Macro-Pitfalls-1" href="Macro-Pitfalls.html#Macro-Pitfalls">3.10 Macro Pitfalls</a>

  125.     <ul class="no-bullet">

  126.       <li><a name="toc-Misnesting-1" href="Misnesting.html#Misnesting">3.10.1 Misnesting</a></li>

  127.       <li><a name="toc-Operator-Precedence-Problems-1" href="Operator-Precedence-Problems.html#Operator-Precedence-Problems">3.10.2 Operator Precedence Problems</a></li>

  128.       <li><a name="toc-Swallowing-the-Semicolon-1" href="Swallowing-the-Semicolon.html#Swallowing-the-Semicolon">3.10.3 Swallowing the Semicolon</a></li>

  129.       <li><a name="toc-Duplication-of-Side-Effects-1" href="Duplication-of-Side-Effects.html#Duplication-of-Side-Effects">3.10.4 Duplication of Side Effects</a></li>

  130.       <li><a name="toc-Self_002dReferential-Macros-1" href="Self_002dReferential-Macros.html#Self_002dReferential-Macros">3.10.5 Self-Referential Macros</a></li>

  131.       <li><a name="toc-Argument-Prescan-1" href="Argument-Prescan.html#Argument-Prescan">3.10.6 Argument Prescan</a></li>

  132.       <li><a name="toc-Newlines-in-Arguments-1" href="Newlines-in-Arguments.html#Newlines-in-Arguments">3.10.7 Newlines in Arguments</a></li>

  133.     </ul></li>

  134.   </ul></li>

  135.   <li><a name="toc-Conditionals-1" href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals">4 Conditionals</a>

  136.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  137.     <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Uses-1" href="Conditional-Uses.html#Conditional-Uses">4.1 Conditional Uses</a></li>

  138.     <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Syntax-1" href="Conditional-Syntax.html#Conditional-Syntax">4.2 Conditional Syntax</a>

  139.     <ul class="no-bullet">

  140.       <li><a name="toc-Ifdef-1" href="Ifdef.html#Ifdef">4.2.1 Ifdef</a></li>

  141.       <li><a name="toc-If-1" href="If.html#If">4.2.2 If</a></li>

  142.       <li><a name="toc-Defined-1" href="Defined.html#Defined">4.2.3 Defined</a></li>

  143.       <li><a name="toc-Else-1" href="Else.html#Else">4.2.4 Else</a></li>

  144.       <li><a name="toc-Elif-1" href="Elif.html#Elif">4.2.5 Elif</a></li>

  145.       <li><a name="toc-_005f_005fhas_005fattribute-1" href="_005f_005fhas_005fattribute.html#g_t_005f_005fhas_005fattribute">4.2.6 <code>__has_attribute</code></a></li>

  146.       <li><a name="toc-_005f_005fhas_005fcpp_005fattribute-1" href="_005f_005fhas_005fcpp_005fattribute.html#g_t_005f_005fhas_005fcpp_005fattribute">4.2.7 <code>__has_cpp_attribute</code></a></li>

  147.       <li><a name="toc-_005f_005fhas_005fbuiltin-1" href="_005f_005fhas_005fbuiltin.html#g_t_005f_005fhas_005fbuiltin">4.2.8 <code>__has_builtin</code></a></li>

  148.       <li><a name="toc-_005f_005fhas_005finclude-1" href="_005f_005fhas_005finclude.html#g_t_005f_005fhas_005finclude">4.2.9 <code>__has_include</code></a></li>

  149.     </ul></li>

  150.     <li><a name="toc-Deleted-Code-1" href="Deleted-Code.html#Deleted-Code">4.3 Deleted Code</a></li>

  151.   </ul></li>

  152.   <li><a name="toc-Diagnostics-1" href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics">5 Diagnostics</a></li>

  153.   <li><a name="toc-Line-Control-1" href="Line-Control.html#Line-Control">6 Line Control</a></li>

  154.   <li><a name="toc-Pragmas-1" href="Pragmas.html#Pragmas">7 Pragmas</a></li>

  155.   <li><a name="toc-Other-Directives-1" href="Other-Directives.html#Other-Directives">8 Other Directives</a></li>

  156.   <li><a name="toc-Preprocessor-Output-1" href="Preprocessor-Output.html#Preprocessor-Output">9 Preprocessor Output</a></li>

  157.   <li><a name="toc-Traditional-Mode-1" href="Traditional-Mode.html#Traditional-Mode">10 Traditional Mode</a>

  158.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  159.     <li><a name="toc-Traditional-lexical-analysis-1" href="Traditional-lexical-analysis.html#Traditional-lexical-analysis">10.1 Traditional lexical analysis</a></li>

  160.     <li><a name="toc-Traditional-macros-1" href="Traditional-macros.html#Traditional-macros">10.2 Traditional macros</a></li>

  161.     <li><a name="toc-Traditional-miscellany-1" href="Traditional-miscellany.html#Traditional-miscellany">10.3 Traditional miscellany</a></li>

  162.     <li><a name="toc-Traditional-warnings-1" href="Traditional-warnings.html#Traditional-warnings">10.4 Traditional warnings</a></li>

  163.   </ul></li>

  164.   <li><a name="toc-Implementation-Details-1" href="Implementation-Details.html#Implementation-Details">11 Implementation Details</a>

  165.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  166.     <li><a name="toc-Implementation_002ddefined-behavior-1" href="Implementation_002ddefined-behavior.html#Implementation_002ddefined-behavior">11.1 Implementation-defined behavior</a></li>

  167.     <li><a name="toc-Implementation-limits-1" href="Implementation-limits.html#Implementation-limits">11.2 Implementation limits</a></li>

  168.     <li><a name="toc-Obsolete-Features-1" href="Obsolete-Features.html#Obsolete-Features">11.3 Obsolete Features</a>

  169.     <ul class="no-bullet">

  170.       <li><a name="toc-Assertions" href="Obsolete-Features.html#Assertions">11.3.1 Assertions</a></li>

  171.     </ul></li>

  172.   </ul></li>

  173.   <li><a name="toc-Invocation-1" href="Invocation.html#Invocation">12 Invocation</a></li>

  174.   <li><a name="toc-Environment-Variables-1" href="Environment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables">13 Environment Variables</a></li>

  175.   <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>

  176.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  177.     <li><a name="toc-ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a></li>

  178.   </ul></li>

  179.   <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Directives-1" href="Index-of-Directives.html#Index-of-Directives">Index of Directives</a></li>

  180.   <li><a name="toc-Option-Index-1" href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index">Option Index</a></li>

  181.   <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>

  182. </ul>

  183. </div>

  184. 

  185. 

  186. <a name="Top"></a>

  187. <div class="header">

  188. <p>

  189. Next: <a href="Overview.html#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index-of-Directives.html#Index-of-Directives" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>

  190. </div>

  191. <hr>

  192. <a name="SEC_Top"></a>

  193. <p>The C preprocessor implements the macro language used to transform C,

  194. C++, and Objective-C programs before they are compiled.  It can also be

  195. useful on its own.

  196. </p>

  197. <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">

  198. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Overview.html#Overview" accesskey="1">Overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  199. </td></tr>

  200. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Header-Files.html#Header-Files" accesskey="2">Header Files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  201. </td></tr>

  202. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Macros.html#Macros" accesskey="3">Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  203. </td></tr>

  204. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals" accesskey="4">Conditionals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  205. </td></tr>

  206. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Diagnostics.html#Diagnostics" accesskey="5">Diagnostics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  207. </td></tr>

  208. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Line-Control.html#Line-Control" accesskey="6">Line Control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  209. </td></tr>

  210. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Pragmas.html#Pragmas" accesskey="7">Pragmas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  211. </td></tr>

  212. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Other-Directives.html#Other-Directives" accesskey="8">Other Directives</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  213. </td></tr>

  214. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Preprocessor-Output.html#Preprocessor-Output" accesskey="9">Preprocessor Output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  215. </td></tr>

  216. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Traditional-Mode.html#Traditional-Mode">Traditional Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  217. </td></tr>

  218. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Implementation-Details.html#Implementation-Details">Implementation Details</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  219. </td></tr>

  220. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Invocation.html#Invocation">Invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  221. </td></tr>

  222. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Environment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  223. </td></tr>

  224. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  225. </td></tr>

  226. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Index-of-Directives.html#Index-of-Directives">Index of Directives</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  227. </td></tr>

  228. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index">Option Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  229. </td></tr>

  230. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  231. </td></tr>

  232. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  233. 

  234. </pre></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment"> &mdash; The Detailed Node Listing &mdash;

  235. 

  236. Overview

  237. 

  238. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Character-sets.html#Character-sets">Character sets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  239. </td></tr>

  240. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Initial-processing.html#Initial-processing">Initial processing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  241. </td></tr>

  242. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Tokenization.html#Tokenization">Tokenization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  243. </td></tr>

  244. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="The-preprocessing-language.html#The-preprocessing-language">The preprocessing language</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  245. </td></tr>

  246. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  247. 

  248. Header Files

  249. 

  250. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Include-Syntax.html#Include-Syntax">Include Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  251. </td></tr>

  252. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Include-Operation.html#Include-Operation">Include Operation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  253. </td></tr>

  254. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Search-Path.html#Search-Path">Search Path</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  255. </td></tr>

  256. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Once_002dOnly-Headers.html#Once_002dOnly-Headers">Once-Only Headers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  257. </td></tr>

  258. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Alternatives-to-Wrapper-_0023ifndef.html#Alternatives-to-Wrapper-_0023ifndef">Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  259. </td></tr>

  260. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Computed-Includes.html#Computed-Includes">Computed Includes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  261. </td></tr>

  262. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Wrapper-Headers.html#Wrapper-Headers">Wrapper Headers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  263. </td></tr>

  264. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="System-Headers.html#System-Headers">System Headers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  265. </td></tr>

  266. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  267. 

  268. Macros

  269. 

  270. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Object_002dlike-Macros.html#Object_002dlike-Macros">Object-like Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  271. </td></tr>

  272. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Function_002dlike-Macros.html#Function_002dlike-Macros">Function-like Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  273. </td></tr>

  274. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Macro-Arguments.html#Macro-Arguments">Macro Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  275. </td></tr>

  276. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Stringizing.html#Stringizing">Stringizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  277. </td></tr>

  278. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Concatenation.html#Concatenation">Concatenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  279. </td></tr>

  280. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Variadic-Macros.html#Variadic-Macros">Variadic Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  281. </td></tr>

  282. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Predefined-Macros.html#Predefined-Macros">Predefined Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  283. </td></tr>

  284. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros.html#Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros">Undefining and Redefining Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  285. </td></tr>

  286. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Directives-Within-Macro-Arguments.html#Directives-Within-Macro-Arguments">Directives Within Macro Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  287. </td></tr>

  288. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Macro-Pitfalls.html#Macro-Pitfalls">Macro Pitfalls</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  289. </td></tr>

  290. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  291. 

  292. Predefined Macros

  293. 

  294. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Standard-Predefined-Macros.html#Standard-Predefined-Macros">Standard Predefined Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  295. </td></tr>

  296. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Common-Predefined-Macros.html#Common-Predefined-Macros">Common Predefined Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  297. </td></tr>

  298. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros.html#System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros">System-specific Predefined Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  299. </td></tr>

  300. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="C_002b_002b-Named-Operators.html#C_002b_002b-Named-Operators">C++ Named Operators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  301. </td></tr>

  302. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  303. 

  304. Macro Pitfalls

  305. 

  306. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Misnesting.html#Misnesting">Misnesting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  307. </td></tr>

  308. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Operator-Precedence-Problems.html#Operator-Precedence-Problems">Operator Precedence Problems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  309. </td></tr>

  310. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Swallowing-the-Semicolon.html#Swallowing-the-Semicolon">Swallowing the Semicolon</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  311. </td></tr>

  312. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Duplication-of-Side-Effects.html#Duplication-of-Side-Effects">Duplication of Side Effects</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  313. </td></tr>

  314. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Self_002dReferential-Macros.html#Self_002dReferential-Macros">Self-Referential Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  315. </td></tr>

  316. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Argument-Prescan.html#Argument-Prescan">Argument Prescan</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  317. </td></tr>

  318. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Newlines-in-Arguments.html#Newlines-in-Arguments">Newlines in Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  319. </td></tr>

  320. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  321. 

  322. Conditionals

  323. 

  324. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Conditional-Uses.html#Conditional-Uses">Conditional Uses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  325. </td></tr>

  326. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Conditional-Syntax.html#Conditional-Syntax">Conditional Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  327. </td></tr>

  328. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Deleted-Code.html#Deleted-Code">Deleted Code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  329. </td></tr>

  330. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  331. 

  332. Conditional Syntax

  333. 

  334. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Ifdef.html#Ifdef">Ifdef</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  335. </td></tr>

  336. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="If.html#If">If</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  337. </td></tr>

  338. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Defined.html#Defined">Defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  339. </td></tr>

  340. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Else.html#Else">Else</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  341. </td></tr>

  342. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Elif.html#Elif">Elif</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  343. </td></tr>

  344. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  345. 

  346. Implementation Details

  347. 

  348. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Implementation_002ddefined-behavior.html#Implementation_002ddefined-behavior">Implementation-defined behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  349. </td></tr>

  350. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Implementation-limits.html#Implementation-limits">Implementation limits</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  351. </td></tr>

  352. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Obsolete-Features.html#Obsolete-Features">Obsolete Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  353. </td></tr>

  354. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  355. 

  356. Obsolete Features

  357. 

  358. </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Obsolete-Features.html#Obsolete-Features">Obsolete Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  359. </td></tr>

  360. <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

  361. 

  362. </pre></th></tr></table>

  363. 

  364. <p>Copyright &copy; 1987-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

  365. </p>

  366. <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

  367. under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or

  368. any later version published by the Free Software Foundation.  A copy of

  369. the license is included in the

  370. section entitled &ldquo;GNU Free Documentation License&rdquo;.

  371. </p>

  372. <p>This manual contains no Invariant Sections.  The Front-Cover Texts are

  373. (a) (see below), and the Back-Cover Texts are (b) (see below).

  374. </p>

  375. <p>(a) The FSF&rsquo;s Front-Cover Text is:

  376. </p>

  377. <p>A GNU Manual

  378. </p>

  379. <p>(b) The FSF&rsquo;s Back-Cover Text is:

  380. </p>

  381. <p>You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU

  382.      software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise

  383.      funds for GNU development.

  384. </p>

  385. 

  386. <hr>

  387. <div class="header">

  388. <p>

  389. Next: <a href="Overview.html#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index-of-Directives.html#Index-of-Directives" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>

  390. </div>

  391. 

  392. 

  393. 

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  395. </html>