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  1. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

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  50. <h1 class="settitle" align="center">The GNU C Preprocessor Internals</h1>

  51. 

  52. 

  53. 

  54. 

  55. 

  56. 

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  58. 

  59. 

  60. 

  61. <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>

  62. <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

  63. 

  64. <div class="contents">

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  66. <ul class="no-bullet">

  67.   <li><a name="toc-Cpplib_002d_002d_002dthe-GNU-C-Preprocessor" href="#Cpplib_002d_002d_002dthe-GNU-C-Preprocessor">1 Cpplib&mdash;the GNU C Preprocessor</a></li>

  68.   <li><a name="toc-Conventions-1" href="Conventions.html#Conventions">Conventions</a></li>

  69.   <li><a name="toc-The-Lexer" href="Lexer.html#Lexer">The Lexer</a>

  70.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  71.     <li><a name="toc-Overview" href="Lexer.html#Overview">Overview</a></li>

  72.     <li><a name="toc-Lexing-a-token" href="Lexer.html#Lexing-a-token">Lexing a token</a></li>

  73.     <li><a name="toc-Lexing-a-line-1" href="Lexer.html#Lexing-a-line-1">Lexing a line</a></li>

  74.   </ul></li>

  75.   <li><a name="toc-Hash-Nodes-1" href="Hash-Nodes.html#Hash-Nodes">Hash Nodes</a></li>

  76.   <li><a name="toc-Macro-Expansion-Algorithm" href="Macro-Expansion.html#Macro-Expansion">Macro Expansion Algorithm</a>

  77.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  78.     <li><a name="toc-Internal-representation-of-macros" href="Macro-Expansion.html#Internal-representation-of-macros">Internal representation of macros</a></li>

  79.     <li><a name="toc-Macro-expansion-overview" href="Macro-Expansion.html#Macro-expansion-overview">Macro expansion overview</a></li>

  80.     <li><a name="toc-Scanning-the-replacement-list-for-macros-to-expand" href="Macro-Expansion.html#Scanning-the-replacement-list-for-macros-to-expand">Scanning the replacement list for macros to expand</a></li>

  81.     <li><a name="toc-Looking-for-a-function_002dlike-macro_0027s-opening-parenthesis" href="Macro-Expansion.html#Looking-for-a-function_002dlike-macro_0027s-opening-parenthesis">Looking for a function-like macro&rsquo;s opening parenthesis</a></li>

  82.     <li><a name="toc-Marking-tokens-ineligible-for-future-expansion" href="Macro-Expansion.html#Marking-tokens-ineligible-for-future-expansion">Marking tokens ineligible for future expansion</a></li>

  83.   </ul></li>

  84.   <li><a name="toc-Token-Spacing-1" href="Token-Spacing.html#Token-Spacing">Token Spacing</a></li>

  85.   <li><a name="toc-Line-numbering" href="Line-Numbering.html#Line-Numbering">Line numbering</a>

  86.   <ul class="no-bullet">

  87.     <li><a name="toc-Just-which-line-number-anyway_003f" href="Line-Numbering.html#Just-which-line-number-anyway_003f">Just which line number anyway?</a></li>

  88.     <li><a name="toc-Representation-of-line-numbers" href="Line-Numbering.html#Representation-of-line-numbers">Representation of line numbers</a></li>

  89.   </ul></li>

  90.   <li><a name="toc-The-Multiple_002dInclude-Optimization" href="Guard-Macros.html#Guard-Macros">The Multiple-Include Optimization</a></li>

  91.   <li><a name="toc-File-Handling" href="Files.html#Files">File Handling</a></li>

  92.   <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>

  93. </ul>

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  96. 

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  98. <div class="header">

  99. <p>

  100. Next: <a href="Conventions.html#Conventions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conventions</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>

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  105. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Conventions.html#Conventions" accesskey="1">Conventions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

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  107. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Lexer.html#Lexer" accesskey="2">Lexer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

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  110. </td></tr>

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  118. </td></tr>

  119. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Files.html#Files" accesskey="8">Files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">

  120. </td></tr>

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  122. </td></tr>

  123. </table>

  124. 

  125. <a name="Cpplib_002d_002d_002dthe-GNU-C-Preprocessor"></a>

  126. <h2 class="chapter">1 Cpplib&mdash;the GNU C Preprocessor</h2>

  127. 

  128. <p>The GNU C preprocessor is

  129. implemented as a library, <em>cpplib</em>, so it can be easily shared between

  130. a stand-alone preprocessor, and a preprocessor integrated with the C,

  131. C++ and Objective-C front ends.  It is also available for use by other

  132. programs, though this is not recommended as its exposed interface has

  133. not yet reached a point of reasonable stability.

  134. </p>

  135. <p>The library has been written to be re-entrant, so that it can be used

  136. to preprocess many files simultaneously if necessary.  It has also been

  137. written with the preprocessing token as the fundamental unit; the

  138. preprocessor in previous versions of GCC would operate on text strings

  139. as the fundamental unit.

  140. </p>

  141. <p>This brief manual documents the internals of cpplib, and explains some

  142. of the tricky issues.  It is intended that, along with the comments in

  143. the source code, a reasonably competent C programmer should be able to

  144. figure out what the code is doing, and why things have been implemented

  145. the way they have.

  146. </p>

  147. <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">

  148. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Conventions.html#Conventions" accesskey="1">Conventions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conventions used in the code.

  149. </td></tr>

  150. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Lexer.html#Lexer" accesskey="2">Lexer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The combined C, C++ and Objective-C Lexer.

  151. </td></tr>

  152. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Hash-Nodes.html#Hash-Nodes" accesskey="3">Hash Nodes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">All identifiers are entered into a hash table.

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  154. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Macro-Expansion.html#Macro-Expansion" accesskey="4">Macro Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Macro expansion algorithm.

  155. </td></tr>

  156. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Token-Spacing.html#Token-Spacing" accesskey="5">Token Spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Spacing and paste avoidance issues.

  157. </td></tr>

  158. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Line-Numbering.html#Line-Numbering" accesskey="6">Line Numbering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracking location within files.

  159. </td></tr>

  160. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Guard-Macros.html#Guard-Macros" accesskey="7">Guard Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Optimizing header files with guard macros.

  161. </td></tr>

  162. <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Files.html#Files" accesskey="8">Files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">File handling.

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  171. Next: <a href="Conventions.html#Conventions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conventions</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>

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