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<a name="Convenience-Funs"></a>
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<hr>
<a name="Convenience-Functions"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.12 Convenience Functions</h3>

<a name="index-convenience-functions"></a>
<p><small>GDB</small> also supplies some <em>convenience functions</em>.  These
have a syntax similar to convenience variables.  A convenience
function can be used in an expression just like an ordinary function;
however, a convenience function is implemented internally to
<small>GDB</small>.
</p>
<p>These functions do not require <small>GDB</small> to be configured with
<code>Python</code> support, which means that they are always available.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>$_isvoid (<var>expr</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fisvoid_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Return one if the expression <var>expr</var> is <code>void</code>.  Otherwise it
returns zero.
</p>
<p>A <code>void</code> expression is an expression where the type of the result
is <code>void</code>.  For example, you can examine a convenience variable
(see <a href="Convenience-Vars.html#Convenience-Vars">Convenience Variables</a>) to check whether
it is <code>void</code>:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(gdb) print $_exitcode
$1 = void
(gdb) print $_isvoid ($_exitcode)
$2 = 1
(gdb) run
Starting program: ./a.out
[Inferior 1 (process 29572) exited normally]
(gdb) print $_exitcode
$3 = 0
(gdb) print $_isvoid ($_exitcode)
$4 = 0
</pre></div>

<p>In the example above, we used <code>$_isvoid</code> to check whether
<code>$_exitcode</code> is <code>void</code> before and after the execution of the
program being debugged.  Before the execution there is no exit code to
be examined, therefore <code>$_exitcode</code> is <code>void</code>.  After the
execution the program being debugged returned zero, therefore
<code>$_exitcode</code> is zero, which means that it is not <code>void</code>
anymore.
</p>
<p>The <code>void</code> expression can also be a call of a function from the
program being debugged.  For example, given the following function:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">void
foo (void)
{
}
</pre></div>

<p>The result of calling it inside <small>GDB</small> is <code>void</code>:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(gdb) print foo ()
$1 = void
(gdb) print $_isvoid (foo ())
$2 = 1
(gdb) set $v = foo ()
(gdb) print $v
$3 = void
(gdb) print $_isvoid ($v)
$4 = 1
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>$_gdb_setting_str (<var>setting</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fgdb_005fsetting_005fstr_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Return the value of the <small>GDB</small> <var>setting</var> as a string.
<var>setting</var> is any setting that can be used in a <code>set</code> or
<code>show</code> command (see <a href="Controlling-GDB.html#Controlling-GDB">Controlling GDB</a>).
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(gdb) show print frame-arguments
Printing of non-scalar frame arguments is &quot;scalars&quot;.
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str(&quot;print frame-arguments&quot;)
$1 = &quot;scalars&quot;
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str(&quot;height&quot;)
$2 = &quot;30&quot;
(gdb)
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>$_gdb_setting (<var>setting</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fgdb_005fsetting_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Return the value of the <small>GDB</small> <var>setting</var>.
The type of the returned value depends on the setting.
</p>
<p>The value type for boolean and auto boolean settings is <code>int</code>.
The boolean values <code>off</code> and <code>on</code> are converted to
the integer values <code>0</code> and <code>1</code>.  The value <code>auto</code> is
converted to the value <code>-1</code>.
</p>
<p>The value type for integer settings is either <code>unsigned int</code>
or <code>int</code>, depending on the setting.
</p>
<p>Some integer settings accept an <code>unlimited</code> value.
Depending on the setting, the <code>set</code> command also accepts
the value <code>0</code> or the value <code>-1</code> as a synonym for
<code>unlimited</code>.
For example, <code>set height unlimited</code> is equivalent to
<code>set height 0</code>.
</p>
<p>Some other settings that accept the <code>unlimited</code> value
use the value <code>0</code> to literally mean zero.
For example, <code>set history size 0</code> indicates to not
record any <small>GDB</small> commands in the command history.
For such settings, <code>-1</code> is the synonym
for <code>unlimited</code>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the corresponding <code>set</code> command for
the numerical value equivalent to <code>unlimited</code>.
</p>
<p>The <code>$_gdb_setting</code> function converts the unlimited value
to a <code>0</code> or a <code>-1</code> value according to what the
<code>set</code> command uses.
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str(&quot;height&quot;)
$1 = &quot;30&quot;
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting(&quot;height&quot;)
$2 = 30
(gdb) set height unlimited
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str(&quot;height&quot;)
$3 = &quot;unlimited&quot;
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting(&quot;height&quot;)
$4 = 0
</pre><pre class="smallexample">(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str(&quot;history size&quot;)
$5 = &quot;unlimited&quot;
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting(&quot;history size&quot;)
$6 = -1
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str(&quot;disassemble-next-line&quot;)
$7 = &quot;auto&quot;
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting(&quot;disassemble-next-line&quot;)
$8 = -1
(gdb)
</pre></div>

<p>Other setting types (enum, filename, optional filename, string, string noescape)
are returned as string values.
</p>

</dd>
<dt><code>$_gdb_maint_setting_str (<var>setting</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fgdb_005fmaint_005fsetting_005fstr_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Like the <code>$_gdb_setting_str</code> function, but works with
<code>maintenance set</code> variables.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_gdb_maint_setting (<var>setting</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fgdb_005fmaint_005fsetting_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Like the <code>$_gdb_setting</code> function, but works with
<code>maintenance set</code> variables.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The following functions require <small>GDB</small> to be configured with
<code>Python</code> support.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>$_memeq(<var>buf1</var>, <var>buf2</var>, <var>length</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fmemeq_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if the <var>length</var> bytes at the addresses given by
<var>buf1</var> and <var>buf2</var> are equal.
Otherwise it returns zero.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_regex(<var>str</var>, <var>regex</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fregex_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if the string <var>str</var> matches the regular expression
<var>regex</var>.  Otherwise it returns zero.
The syntax of the regular expression is that specified by <code>Python</code>&rsquo;s
regular expression support.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_streq(<var>str1</var>, <var>str2</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fstreq_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if the strings <var>str1</var> and <var>str2</var> are equal.
Otherwise it returns zero.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_strlen(<var>str</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fstrlen_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns the length of string <var>str</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_caller_is(<var>name</var><span class="roman">[</span>, <var>number_of_frames</var><span class="roman">]</span>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fcaller_005fis_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if the calling function&rsquo;s name is equal to <var>name</var>.
Otherwise it returns zero.
</p>
<p>If the optional argument <var>number_of_frames</var> is provided,
it is the number of frames up in the stack to look.
The default is 1.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(gdb) backtrace
#0  bottom_func ()
    at testsuite/gdb.python/py-caller-is.c:21
#1  0x00000000004005a0 in middle_func ()
    at testsuite/gdb.python/py-caller-is.c:27
#2  0x00000000004005ab in top_func ()
    at testsuite/gdb.python/py-caller-is.c:33
#3  0x00000000004005b6 in main ()
    at testsuite/gdb.python/py-caller-is.c:39
(gdb) print $_caller_is (&quot;middle_func&quot;)
$1 = 1
(gdb) print $_caller_is (&quot;top_func&quot;, 2)
$1 = 1
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>$_caller_matches(<var>regexp</var><span class="roman">[</span>, <var>number_of_frames</var><span class="roman">]</span>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fcaller_005fmatches_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if the calling function&rsquo;s name matches the regular expression
<var>regexp</var>.  Otherwise it returns zero.
</p>
<p>If the optional argument <var>number_of_frames</var> is provided,
it is the number of frames up in the stack to look.
The default is 1.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_any_caller_is(<var>name</var><span class="roman">[</span>, <var>number_of_frames</var><span class="roman">]</span>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fany_005fcaller_005fis_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if any calling function&rsquo;s name is equal to <var>name</var>.
Otherwise it returns zero.
</p>
<p>If the optional argument <var>number_of_frames</var> is provided,
it is the number of frames up in the stack to look.
The default is 1.
</p>
<p>This function differs from <code>$_caller_is</code> in that this function
checks all stack frames from the immediate caller to the frame specified
by <var>number_of_frames</var>, whereas <code>$_caller_is</code> only checks the
frame specified by <var>number_of_frames</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_any_caller_matches(<var>regexp</var><span class="roman">[</span>, <var>number_of_frames</var><span class="roman">]</span>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fany_005fcaller_005fmatches_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Returns one if any calling function&rsquo;s name matches the regular expression
<var>regexp</var>.  Otherwise it returns zero.
</p>
<p>If the optional argument <var>number_of_frames</var> is provided,
it is the number of frames up in the stack to look.
The default is 1.
</p>
<p>This function differs from <code>$_caller_matches</code> in that this function
checks all stack frames from the immediate caller to the frame specified
by <var>number_of_frames</var>, whereas <code>$_caller_matches</code> only checks the
frame specified by <var>number_of_frames</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$_as_string(<var>value</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fas_005fstring_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Return the string representation of <var>value</var>.
</p>
<p>This function is useful to obtain the textual label (enumerator) of an
enumeration value.  For example, assuming the variable <var>node</var> is of
an enumerated type:
</p>
<div class="smallexample">
<pre class="smallexample">(gdb) printf &quot;Visiting node of type %s\n&quot;, $_as_string(node)
Visiting node of type NODE_INTEGER
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>$_cimag(<var>value</var>)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$_creal(<var>value</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_0024_005fcimag_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<a name="index-_0024_005fcreal_002c-convenience-function"></a>
<p>Return the imaginary (<code>$_cimag</code>) or real (<code>$_creal</code>) part of
the complex number <var>value</var>.
</p>
<p>The type of the imaginary or real part depends on the type of the
complex number, e.g., using <code>$_cimag</code> on a <code>float complex</code>
will return an imaginary part of type <code>float</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p><small>GDB</small> provides the ability to list and get help on
convenience functions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>help function</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-help-function"></a>
<a name="index-show-all-convenience-functions"></a>
<p>Print a list of all convenience functions.
</p></dd>
</dl>

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