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  132. .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
  133. .\" ========================================================================
  134. .\"
  135. .IX Title "NM 1"
  136. .TH NM 1 "2020-11-24" "binutils-2.35.1" "GNU Development Tools"
  137. .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
  138. .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
  139. .if n .ad l
  140. .nh
  141. .SH "NAME"
  142. nm \- list symbols from object files
  143. .SH "SYNOPSIS"
  144. .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
  145. nm [\fB\-A\fR|\fB\-o\fR|\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR] [\fB\-a\fR|\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR]
  146. [\fB\-B\fR|\fB\-\-format=bsd\fR] [\fB\-C\fR|\fB\-\-demangle\fR[=\fIstyle\fR]]
  147. [\fB\-D\fR|\fB\-\-dynamic\fR] [\fB\-f\fR\fIformat\fR|\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR]
  148. [\fB\-g\fR|\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR] [\fB\-h\fR|\fB\-\-help\fR]
  149. [\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR] [\fB\-\-inlines\fR]
  150. [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR]
  151. [\fB\-P\fR|\fB\-\-portability\fR] [\fB\-p\fR|\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR]
  152. [\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR] [\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-\-print\-size\fR]
  153. [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR] [\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR|\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR]
  154. [\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR] [\fB\-V\fR|\fB\-\-version\fR]
  155. [\fB\-X 32_64\fR] [\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR]
  156. [\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR]
  157. [\fB\-\-no\-recurse\-limit\fR|\fB\-\-recurse\-limit\fR]]
  158. [\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR] [\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR]
  159. [\fB\-\-synthetic\fR] [\fB\-\-with\-symbol\-versions\fR] [\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR]
  160. [\fIobjfile\fR...]
  161. .SH "DESCRIPTION"
  162. .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
  163. \&\s-1GNU \s0\fBnm\fR lists the symbols from object files \fIobjfile\fR....
  164. If no object files are listed as arguments, \fBnm\fR assumes the file
  165. \&\fIa.out\fR.
  166. .PP
  167. For each symbol, \fBnm\fR shows:
  168. .IP "\(bu" 4
  169. The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
  170. hexadecimal by default.
  171. .IP "\(bu" 4
  172. The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
  173. well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
  174. usually local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). There
  175. are however a few lowercase symbols that are shown for special global
  176. symbols (\f(CW\*(C`u\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`v\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`w\*(C'\fR).
  177. .RS 4
  178. .ie n .IP """A""" 4
  179. .el .IP "\f(CWA\fR" 4
  180. .IX Item "A"
  181. The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
  182. linking.
  183. .ie n .IP """B""" 4
  184. .el .IP "\f(CWB\fR" 4
  185. .IX Item "B"
  186. .PD 0
  187. .ie n .IP """b""" 4
  188. .el .IP "\f(CWb\fR" 4
  189. .IX Item "b"
  190. .PD
  191. The symbol is in the \s-1BSS\s0 data section. This section typically
  192. contains zero-initialized or uninitialized data, although the exact
  193. behavior is system dependent.
  194. .ie n .IP """C""" 4
  195. .el .IP "\f(CWC\fR" 4
  196. .IX Item "C"
  197. The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
  198. linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
  199. symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
  200. references.
  201. .ie n .IP """D""" 4
  202. .el .IP "\f(CWD\fR" 4
  203. .IX Item "D"
  204. .PD 0
  205. .ie n .IP """d""" 4
  206. .el .IP "\f(CWd\fR" 4
  207. .IX Item "d"
  208. .PD
  209. The symbol is in the initialized data section.
  210. .ie n .IP """G""" 4
  211. .el .IP "\f(CWG\fR" 4
  212. .IX Item "G"
  213. .PD 0
  214. .ie n .IP """g""" 4
  215. .el .IP "\f(CWg\fR" 4
  216. .IX Item "g"
  217. .PD
  218. The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
  219. object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
  220. such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
  221. .ie n .IP """i""" 4
  222. .el .IP "\f(CWi\fR" 4
  223. .IX Item "i"
  224. For \s-1PE\s0 format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section
  225. specific to the implementation of DLLs. For \s-1ELF\s0 format files this
  226. indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a \s-1GNU\s0
  227. extension to the standard set of \s-1ELF\s0 symbol types. It indicates a
  228. symbol which if referenced by a relocation does not evaluate to its
  229. address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime
  230. execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation.
  231. .ie n .IP """I""" 4
  232. .el .IP "\f(CWI\fR" 4
  233. .IX Item "I"
  234. The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol.
  235. .ie n .IP """N""" 4
  236. .el .IP "\f(CWN\fR" 4
  237. .IX Item "N"
  238. The symbol is a debugging symbol.
  239. .ie n .IP """n""" 4
  240. .el .IP "\f(CWn\fR" 4
  241. .IX Item "n"
  242. The symbol is in the read-only data section.
  243. .ie n .IP """p""" 4
  244. .el .IP "\f(CWp\fR" 4
  245. .IX Item "p"
  246. The symbol is in a stack unwind section.
  247. .ie n .IP """R""" 4
  248. .el .IP "\f(CWR\fR" 4
  249. .IX Item "R"
  250. .PD 0
  251. .ie n .IP """r""" 4
  252. .el .IP "\f(CWr\fR" 4
  253. .IX Item "r"
  254. .PD
  255. The symbol is in a read only data section.
  256. .ie n .IP """S""" 4
  257. .el .IP "\f(CWS\fR" 4
  258. .IX Item "S"
  259. .PD 0
  260. .ie n .IP """s""" 4
  261. .el .IP "\f(CWs\fR" 4
  262. .IX Item "s"
  263. .PD
  264. The symbol is in an uninitialized or zero-initialized data section
  265. for small objects.
  266. .ie n .IP """T""" 4
  267. .el .IP "\f(CWT\fR" 4
  268. .IX Item "T"
  269. .PD 0
  270. .ie n .IP """t""" 4
  271. .el .IP "\f(CWt\fR" 4
  272. .IX Item "t"
  273. .PD
  274. The symbol is in the text (code) section.
  275. .ie n .IP """U""" 4
  276. .el .IP "\f(CWU\fR" 4
  277. .IX Item "U"
  278. The symbol is undefined.
  279. .ie n .IP """u""" 4
  280. .el .IP "\f(CWu\fR" 4
  281. .IX Item "u"
  282. The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a \s-1GNU\s0 extension to the
  283. standard set of \s-1ELF\s0 symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker
  284. will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with
  285. this name and type in use.
  286. .ie n .IP """V""" 4
  287. .el .IP "\f(CWV\fR" 4
  288. .IX Item "V"
  289. .PD 0
  290. .ie n .IP """v""" 4
  291. .el .IP "\f(CWv\fR" 4
  292. .IX Item "v"
  293. .PD
  294. The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
  295. a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
  296. When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
  297. the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some
  298. systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.
  299. .ie n .IP """W""" 4
  300. .el .IP "\f(CWW\fR" 4
  301. .IX Item "W"
  302. .PD 0
  303. .ie n .IP """w""" 4
  304. .el .IP "\f(CWw\fR" 4
  305. .IX Item "w"
  306. .PD
  307. The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
  308. weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
  309. defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
  310. When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
  311. the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without
  312. error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been
  313. specified.
  314. .ie n .IP """\-""" 4
  315. .el .IP "\f(CW\-\fR" 4
  316. .IX Item "-"
  317. The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
  318. next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
  319. the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.
  320. .ie n .IP """?""" 4
  321. .el .IP "\f(CW?\fR" 4
  322. .IX Item "?"
  323. The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
  324. .RE
  325. .RS 4
  326. .RE
  327. .IP "\(bu" 4
  328. The symbol name.
  329. .SH "OPTIONS"
  330. .IX Header "OPTIONS"
  331. The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
  332. equivalent.
  333. .IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
  334. .IX Item "-A"
  335. .PD 0
  336. .IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4
  337. .IX Item "-o"
  338. .IP "\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR" 4
  339. .IX Item "--print-file-name"
  340. .PD
  341. Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
  342. in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
  343. before all of its symbols.
  344. .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
  345. .IX Item "-a"
  346. .PD 0
  347. .IP "\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR" 4
  348. .IX Item "--debug-syms"
  349. .PD
  350. Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
  351. listed.
  352. .IP "\fB\-B\fR" 4
  353. .IX Item "-B"
  354. The same as \fB\-\-format=bsd\fR (for compatibility with the \s-1MIPS \s0\fBnm\fR).
  355. .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
  356. .IX Item "-C"
  357. .PD 0
  358. .IP "\fB\-\-demangle[=\fR\fIstyle\fR\fB]\fR" 4
  359. .IX Item "--demangle[=style]"
  360. .PD
  361. Decode (\fIdemangle\fR) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
  362. Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
  363. makes \*(C+ function names readable. Different compilers have different
  364. mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
  365. choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.
  366. .IP "\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4
  367. .IX Item "--no-demangle"
  368. Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
  369. .IP "\fB\-\-recurse\-limit\fR" 4
  370. .IX Item "--recurse-limit"
  371. .PD 0
  372. .IP "\fB\-\-no\-recurse\-limit\fR" 4
  373. .IX Item "--no-recurse-limit"
  374. .IP "\fB\-\-recursion\-limit\fR" 4
  375. .IX Item "--recursion-limit"
  376. .IP "\fB\-\-no\-recursion\-limit\fR" 4
  377. .IX Item "--no-recursion-limit"
  378. .PD
  379. Enables or disables a limit on the amount of recursion performed
  380. whilst demangling strings. Since the name mangling formats allow for
  381. an inifinite level of recursion it is possible to create strings whose
  382. decoding will exhaust the amount of stack space available on the host
  383. machine, triggering a memory fault. The limit tries to prevent this
  384. from happening by restricting recursion to 2048 levels of nesting.
  385. .Sp
  386. The default is for this limit to be enabled, but disabling it may be
  387. necessary in order to demangle truly complicated names. Note however
  388. that if the recursion limit is disabled then stack exhaustion is
  389. possible and any bug reports about such an event will be rejected.
  390. .IP "\fB\-D\fR" 4
  391. .IX Item "-D"
  392. .PD 0
  393. .IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\fR" 4
  394. .IX Item "--dynamic"
  395. .PD
  396. Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
  397. only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
  398. libraries.
  399. .IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIformat\fR" 4
  400. .IX Item "-f format"
  401. .PD 0
  402. .IP "\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR" 4
  403. .IX Item "--format=format"
  404. .PD
  405. Use the output format \fIformat\fR, which can be \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR,
  406. \&\f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`posix\*(C'\fR. The default is \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR.
  407. Only the first character of \fIformat\fR is significant; it can be
  408. either upper or lower case.
  409. .IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4
  410. .IX Item "-g"
  411. .PD 0
  412. .IP "\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR" 4
  413. .IX Item "--extern-only"
  414. .PD
  415. Display only external symbols.
  416. .IP "\fB\-h\fR" 4
  417. .IX Item "-h"
  418. .PD 0
  419. .IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
  420. .IX Item "--help"
  421. .PD
  422. Show a summary of the options to \fBnm\fR and exit.
  423. .IP "\fB\-l\fR" 4
  424. .IX Item "-l"
  425. .PD 0
  426. .IP "\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR" 4
  427. .IX Item "--line-numbers"
  428. .PD
  429. For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
  430. line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
  431. address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
  432. number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
  433. information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
  434. .IP "\fB\-\-inlines\fR" 4
  435. .IX Item "--inlines"
  436. When option \fB\-l\fR is active, if the address belongs to a
  437. function that was inlined, then this option causes the source
  438. information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined
  439. function to be printed as well. For example, if \f(CW\*(C`main\*(C'\fR inlines
  440. \&\f(CW\*(C`callee1\*(C'\fR which inlines \f(CW\*(C`callee2\*(C'\fR, and address is from
  441. \&\f(CW\*(C`callee2\*(C'\fR, the source information for \f(CW\*(C`callee1\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`main\*(C'\fR
  442. will also be printed.
  443. .IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4
  444. .IX Item "-n"
  445. .PD 0
  446. .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
  447. .IX Item "-v"
  448. .IP "\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR" 4
  449. .IX Item "--numeric-sort"
  450. .PD
  451. Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
  452. by their names.
  453. .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
  454. .IX Item "-p"
  455. .PD 0
  456. .IP "\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR" 4
  457. .IX Item "--no-sort"
  458. .PD
  459. Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
  460. encountered.
  461. .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
  462. .IX Item "-P"
  463. .PD 0
  464. .IP "\fB\-\-portability\fR" 4
  465. .IX Item "--portability"
  466. .PD
  467. Use the \s-1POSIX.2\s0 standard output format instead of the default format.
  468. Equivalent to \fB\-f posix\fR.
  469. .IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4
  470. .IX Item "-r"
  471. .PD 0
  472. .IP "\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR" 4
  473. .IX Item "--reverse-sort"
  474. .PD
  475. Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
  476. last come first.
  477. .IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4
  478. .IX Item "-S"
  479. .PD 0
  480. .IP "\fB\-\-print\-size\fR" 4
  481. .IX Item "--print-size"
  482. .PD
  483. Print both value and size of defined symbols for the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output style.
  484. This option has no effect for object formats that do not record symbol
  485. sizes, unless \fB\-\-size\-sort\fR is also used in which case a
  486. calculated size is displayed.
  487. .IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
  488. .IX Item "-s"
  489. .PD 0
  490. .IP "\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR" 4
  491. .IX Item "--print-armap"
  492. .PD
  493. When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
  494. (stored in the archive by \fBar\fR or \fBranlib\fR) of which modules
  495. contain definitions for which names.
  496. .IP "\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR" 4
  497. .IX Item "-t radix"
  498. .PD 0
  499. .IP "\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR" 4
  500. .IX Item "--radix=radix"
  501. .PD
  502. Use \fIradix\fR as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
  503. \&\fBd\fR for decimal, \fBo\fR for octal, or \fBx\fR for hexadecimal.
  504. .IP "\fB\-u\fR" 4
  505. .IX Item "-u"
  506. .PD 0
  507. .IP "\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR" 4
  508. .IX Item "--undefined-only"
  509. .PD
  510. Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
  511. .IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
  512. .IX Item "-V"
  513. .PD 0
  514. .IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
  515. .IX Item "--version"
  516. .PD
  517. Show the version number of \fBnm\fR and exit.
  518. .IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4
  519. .IX Item "-X"
  520. This option is ignored for compatibility with the \s-1AIX\s0 version of
  521. \&\fBnm\fR. It takes one parameter which must be the string
  522. \&\fB32_64\fR. The default mode of \s-1AIX \s0\fBnm\fR corresponds
  523. to \fB\-X 32\fR, which is not supported by \s-1GNU \s0\fBnm\fR.
  524. .IP "\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR" 4
  525. .IX Item "--defined-only"
  526. Display only defined symbols for each object file.
  527. .IP "\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR" 4
  528. .IX Item "--plugin name"
  529. Load the plugin called \fIname\fR to add support for extra target
  530. types. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built
  531. with plugin support enabled.
  532. .Sp
  533. If \fB\-\-plugin\fR is not provided, but plugin support has been
  534. enabled then \fBnm\fR iterates over the files in
  535. \&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR in alphabetic order and the first
  536. plugin that claims the object in question is used.
  537. .Sp
  538. Please note that this plugin search directory is \fInot\fR the one
  539. used by \fBld\fR's \fB\-plugin\fR option. In order to make
  540. \&\fBnm\fR use the linker plugin it must be copied into the
  541. \&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR directory. For \s-1GCC\s0 based compilations
  542. the linker plugin is called \fIliblto_plugin.so.0.0.0\fR. For Clang
  543. based compilations it is called \fILLVMgold.so\fR. The \s-1GCC\s0 plugin
  544. is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is
  545. sufficient to just copy the newest one.
  546. .IP "\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR" 4
  547. .IX Item "--size-sort"
  548. Sort symbols by size. For \s-1ELF\s0 objects symbol sizes are read from the
  549. \&\s-1ELF,\s0 for other object types the symbol sizes are computed as the
  550. difference between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol
  551. with the next higher value. If the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output format is used
  552. the size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value, and
  553. \&\fB\-S\fR must be used in order both size and value to be printed.
  554. .IP "\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR" 4
  555. .IX Item "--special-syms"
  556. Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These
  557. symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and
  558. are not normally helpful when included in the normal symbol lists.
  559. For example for \s-1ARM\s0 targets this option would skip the mapping symbols
  560. used to mark transitions between \s-1ARM\s0 code, \s-1THUMB\s0 code and data.
  561. .IP "\fB\-\-synthetic\fR" 4
  562. .IX Item "--synthetic"
  563. Include synthetic symbols in the output. These are special symbols
  564. created by the linker for various purposes. They are not shown by
  565. default since they are not part of the binary's original source code.
  566. .IP "\fB\-\-with\-symbol\-versions\fR" 4
  567. .IX Item "--with-symbol-versions"
  568. Enables the display of symbol version information if any exists. The
  569. version string is displayed as a suffix to the symbol name, preceeded by
  570. an @ character. For example \fBfoo@VER_1\fR. If the version is
  571. the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references
  572. to the symbol then it is displayed as a suffix preceeded by two @
  573. characters. For example \fBfoo@@VER_2\fR.
  574. .IP "\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4
  575. .IX Item "--target=bfdname"
  576. Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
  577. .IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
  578. .IX Item "@file"
  579. Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
  580. inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
  581. does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
  582. literally, and not removed.
  583. .Sp
  584. Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
  585. character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
  586. option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
  587. backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
  588. with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
  589. @\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
  590. .SH "SEE ALSO"
  591. .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
  592. \&\fIar\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), \fIranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR.
  593. .SH "COPYRIGHT"
  594. .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
  595. Copyright (c) 1991\-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  596. .PP
  597. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  598. under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  599. or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  600. with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
  601. Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
  602. section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".