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- .\" ========================================================================
- .\"
- .IX Title "NM 1"
- .TH NM 1 "2020-11-24" "binutils-2.35.1" "GNU Development Tools"
- .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
- .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
- .if n .ad l
- .nh
- .SH "NAME"
- nm \- list symbols from object files
- .SH "SYNOPSIS"
- .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
- nm [\fB\-A\fR|\fB\-o\fR|\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR] [\fB\-a\fR|\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR]
- [\fB\-B\fR|\fB\-\-format=bsd\fR] [\fB\-C\fR|\fB\-\-demangle\fR[=\fIstyle\fR]]
- [\fB\-D\fR|\fB\-\-dynamic\fR] [\fB\-f\fR\fIformat\fR|\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR]
- [\fB\-g\fR|\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR] [\fB\-h\fR|\fB\-\-help\fR]
- [\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR] [\fB\-\-inlines\fR]
- [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR]
- [\fB\-P\fR|\fB\-\-portability\fR] [\fB\-p\fR|\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR]
- [\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR] [\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-\-print\-size\fR]
- [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR] [\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR|\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR]
- [\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR] [\fB\-V\fR|\fB\-\-version\fR]
- [\fB\-X 32_64\fR] [\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR]
- [\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR]
- [\fB\-\-no\-recurse\-limit\fR|\fB\-\-recurse\-limit\fR]]
- [\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR] [\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR]
- [\fB\-\-synthetic\fR] [\fB\-\-with\-symbol\-versions\fR] [\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR]
- [\fIobjfile\fR...]
- .SH "DESCRIPTION"
- .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
- \&\s-1GNU \s0\fBnm\fR lists the symbols from object files \fIobjfile\fR....
- If no object files are listed as arguments, \fBnm\fR assumes the file
- \&\fIa.out\fR.
- .PP
- For each symbol, \fBnm\fR shows:
- .IP "\(bu" 4
- The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
- hexadecimal by default.
- .IP "\(bu" 4
- The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
- well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
- usually local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). There
- are however a few lowercase symbols that are shown for special global
- symbols (\f(CW\*(C`u\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`v\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`w\*(C'\fR).
- .RS 4
- .ie n .IP """A""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWA\fR" 4
- .IX Item "A"
- The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
- linking.
- .ie n .IP """B""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWB\fR" 4
- .IX Item "B"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """b""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWb\fR" 4
- .IX Item "b"
- .PD
- The symbol is in the \s-1BSS\s0 data section. This section typically
- contains zero-initialized or uninitialized data, although the exact
- behavior is system dependent.
- .ie n .IP """C""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWC\fR" 4
- .IX Item "C"
- The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
- linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
- symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
- references.
- .ie n .IP """D""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWD\fR" 4
- .IX Item "D"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """d""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWd\fR" 4
- .IX Item "d"
- .PD
- The symbol is in the initialized data section.
- .ie n .IP """G""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWG\fR" 4
- .IX Item "G"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """g""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWg\fR" 4
- .IX Item "g"
- .PD
- The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
- object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
- such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
- .ie n .IP """i""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWi\fR" 4
- .IX Item "i"
- For \s-1PE\s0 format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section
- specific to the implementation of DLLs. For \s-1ELF\s0 format files this
- indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a \s-1GNU\s0
- extension to the standard set of \s-1ELF\s0 symbol types. It indicates a
- symbol which if referenced by a relocation does not evaluate to its
- address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime
- execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation.
- .ie n .IP """I""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWI\fR" 4
- .IX Item "I"
- The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol.
- .ie n .IP """N""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWN\fR" 4
- .IX Item "N"
- The symbol is a debugging symbol.
- .ie n .IP """n""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWn\fR" 4
- .IX Item "n"
- The symbol is in the read-only data section.
- .ie n .IP """p""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWp\fR" 4
- .IX Item "p"
- The symbol is in a stack unwind section.
- .ie n .IP """R""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWR\fR" 4
- .IX Item "R"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """r""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWr\fR" 4
- .IX Item "r"
- .PD
- The symbol is in a read only data section.
- .ie n .IP """S""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWS\fR" 4
- .IX Item "S"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """s""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWs\fR" 4
- .IX Item "s"
- .PD
- The symbol is in an uninitialized or zero-initialized data section
- for small objects.
- .ie n .IP """T""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWT\fR" 4
- .IX Item "T"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """t""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWt\fR" 4
- .IX Item "t"
- .PD
- The symbol is in the text (code) section.
- .ie n .IP """U""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWU\fR" 4
- .IX Item "U"
- The symbol is undefined.
- .ie n .IP """u""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWu\fR" 4
- .IX Item "u"
- The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a \s-1GNU\s0 extension to the
- standard set of \s-1ELF\s0 symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker
- will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with
- this name and type in use.
- .ie n .IP """V""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWV\fR" 4
- .IX Item "V"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """v""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWv\fR" 4
- .IX Item "v"
- .PD
- The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
- a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
- When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
- the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some
- systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.
- .ie n .IP """W""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWW\fR" 4
- .IX Item "W"
- .PD 0
- .ie n .IP """w""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CWw\fR" 4
- .IX Item "w"
- .PD
- The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
- weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
- defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
- When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
- the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without
- error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been
- specified.
- .ie n .IP """\-""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CW\-\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-"
- The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
- next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
- the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.
- .ie n .IP """?""" 4
- .el .IP "\f(CW?\fR" 4
- .IX Item "?"
- The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
- .RE
- .RS 4
- .RE
- .IP "\(bu" 4
- The symbol name.
- .SH "OPTIONS"
- .IX Header "OPTIONS"
- The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
- equivalent.
- .IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-A"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-o"
- .IP "\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--print-file-name"
- .PD
- Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
- in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
- before all of its symbols.
- .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-a"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--debug-syms"
- .PD
- Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
- listed.
- .IP "\fB\-B\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-B"
- The same as \fB\-\-format=bsd\fR (for compatibility with the \s-1MIPS \s0\fBnm\fR).
- .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-C"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-demangle[=\fR\fIstyle\fR\fB]\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--demangle[=style]"
- .PD
- Decode (\fIdemangle\fR) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
- Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
- makes \*(C+ function names readable. Different compilers have different
- mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
- choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.
- .IP "\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--no-demangle"
- Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
- .IP "\fB\-\-recurse\-limit\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--recurse-limit"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-no\-recurse\-limit\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--no-recurse-limit"
- .IP "\fB\-\-recursion\-limit\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--recursion-limit"
- .IP "\fB\-\-no\-recursion\-limit\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--no-recursion-limit"
- .PD
- Enables or disables a limit on the amount of recursion performed
- whilst demangling strings. Since the name mangling formats allow for
- an inifinite level of recursion it is possible to create strings whose
- decoding will exhaust the amount of stack space available on the host
- machine, triggering a memory fault. The limit tries to prevent this
- from happening by restricting recursion to 2048 levels of nesting.
- .Sp
- The default is for this limit to be enabled, but disabling it may be
- necessary in order to demangle truly complicated names. Note however
- that if the recursion limit is disabled then stack exhaustion is
- possible and any bug reports about such an event will be rejected.
- .IP "\fB\-D\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-D"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--dynamic"
- .PD
- Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
- only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
- libraries.
- .IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIformat\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-f format"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--format=format"
- .PD
- Use the output format \fIformat\fR, which can be \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR,
- \&\f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`posix\*(C'\fR. The default is \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR.
- Only the first character of \fIformat\fR is significant; it can be
- either upper or lower case.
- .IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-g"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--extern-only"
- .PD
- Display only external symbols.
- .IP "\fB\-h\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-h"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--help"
- .PD
- Show a summary of the options to \fBnm\fR and exit.
- .IP "\fB\-l\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-l"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--line-numbers"
- .PD
- For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
- line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
- address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
- number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
- information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
- .IP "\fB\-\-inlines\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--inlines"
- When option \fB\-l\fR is active, if the address belongs to a
- function that was inlined, then this option causes the source
- information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined
- function to be printed as well. For example, if \f(CW\*(C`main\*(C'\fR inlines
- \&\f(CW\*(C`callee1\*(C'\fR which inlines \f(CW\*(C`callee2\*(C'\fR, and address is from
- \&\f(CW\*(C`callee2\*(C'\fR, the source information for \f(CW\*(C`callee1\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`main\*(C'\fR
- will also be printed.
- .IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-n"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-v"
- .IP "\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--numeric-sort"
- .PD
- Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
- by their names.
- .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-p"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--no-sort"
- .PD
- Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
- encountered.
- .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-P"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-portability\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--portability"
- .PD
- Use the \s-1POSIX.2\s0 standard output format instead of the default format.
- Equivalent to \fB\-f posix\fR.
- .IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-r"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--reverse-sort"
- .PD
- Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
- last come first.
- .IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-S"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-print\-size\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--print-size"
- .PD
- Print both value and size of defined symbols for the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output style.
- This option has no effect for object formats that do not record symbol
- sizes, unless \fB\-\-size\-sort\fR is also used in which case a
- calculated size is displayed.
- .IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-s"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--print-armap"
- .PD
- When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
- (stored in the archive by \fBar\fR or \fBranlib\fR) of which modules
- contain definitions for which names.
- .IP "\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-t radix"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--radix=radix"
- .PD
- Use \fIradix\fR as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
- \&\fBd\fR for decimal, \fBo\fR for octal, or \fBx\fR for hexadecimal.
- .IP "\fB\-u\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-u"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--undefined-only"
- .PD
- Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
- .IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-V"
- .PD 0
- .IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--version"
- .PD
- Show the version number of \fBnm\fR and exit.
- .IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-X"
- This option is ignored for compatibility with the \s-1AIX\s0 version of
- \&\fBnm\fR. It takes one parameter which must be the string
- \&\fB32_64\fR. The default mode of \s-1AIX \s0\fBnm\fR corresponds
- to \fB\-X 32\fR, which is not supported by \s-1GNU \s0\fBnm\fR.
- .IP "\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--defined-only"
- Display only defined symbols for each object file.
- .IP "\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--plugin name"
- Load the plugin called \fIname\fR to add support for extra target
- types. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built
- with plugin support enabled.
- .Sp
- If \fB\-\-plugin\fR is not provided, but plugin support has been
- enabled then \fBnm\fR iterates over the files in
- \&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR in alphabetic order and the first
- plugin that claims the object in question is used.
- .Sp
- Please note that this plugin search directory is \fInot\fR the one
- used by \fBld\fR's \fB\-plugin\fR option. In order to make
- \&\fBnm\fR use the linker plugin it must be copied into the
- \&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR directory. For \s-1GCC\s0 based compilations
- the linker plugin is called \fIliblto_plugin.so.0.0.0\fR. For Clang
- based compilations it is called \fILLVMgold.so\fR. The \s-1GCC\s0 plugin
- is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is
- sufficient to just copy the newest one.
- .IP "\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--size-sort"
- Sort symbols by size. For \s-1ELF\s0 objects symbol sizes are read from the
- \&\s-1ELF,\s0 for other object types the symbol sizes are computed as the
- difference between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol
- with the next higher value. If the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output format is used
- the size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value, and
- \&\fB\-S\fR must be used in order both size and value to be printed.
- .IP "\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--special-syms"
- Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These
- symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and
- are not normally helpful when included in the normal symbol lists.
- For example for \s-1ARM\s0 targets this option would skip the mapping symbols
- used to mark transitions between \s-1ARM\s0 code, \s-1THUMB\s0 code and data.
- .IP "\fB\-\-synthetic\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--synthetic"
- Include synthetic symbols in the output. These are special symbols
- created by the linker for various purposes. They are not shown by
- default since they are not part of the binary's original source code.
- .IP "\fB\-\-with\-symbol\-versions\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--with-symbol-versions"
- Enables the display of symbol version information if any exists. The
- version string is displayed as a suffix to the symbol name, preceeded by
- an @ character. For example \fBfoo@VER_1\fR. If the version is
- the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references
- to the symbol then it is displayed as a suffix preceeded by two @
- characters. For example \fBfoo@@VER_2\fR.
- .IP "\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4
- .IX Item "--target=bfdname"
- Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
- .IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
- .IX Item "@file"
- Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
- inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
- does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
- literally, and not removed.
- .Sp
- Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
- character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
- option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
- backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
- with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
- @\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
- \&\fIar\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), \fIranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR.
- .SH "COPYRIGHT"
- .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
- Copyright (c) 1991\-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- .PP
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
- Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
- section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".
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