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  1. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

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  15. <title>ar cmdline (GNU Binary Utilities)</title>

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  58. 

  59. <body lang="en">

  60. <a name="ar-cmdline"></a>

  61. <div class="header">

  62. <p>

  63. Next: <a href="ar-scripts.html#ar-scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">ar scripts</a>, Up: <a href="ar.html#ar" accesskey="u" rel="up">ar</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Binutils-Index.html#Binutils-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>

  64. </div>

  65. <hr>

  66. <a name="Controlling-ar-on-the-Command-Line"></a>

  67. <h3 class="section">1.1 Controlling <code>ar</code> on the Command Line</h3>

  68. 

  69. <div class="smallexample">

  70. <pre class="smallexample">ar [<samp>-X32_64</samp>] [<samp>-</samp>]<var>p</var>[<var>mod</var>] [<samp>--plugin</samp> <var>name</var>] [<samp>--target</samp> <var>bfdname</var>] [<samp>--output</samp> <var>dirname</var>] [<var>relpos</var>] [<var>count</var>] <var>archive</var> [<var>member</var>&hellip;]

  71. </pre></div>

  72. 

  73. <a name="index-Unix-compatibility_002c-ar"></a>

  74. <p>When you use <code>ar</code> in the Unix style, <code>ar</code> insists on at least two

  75. arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the <em>operation</em>

  76. (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying

  77. <em>modifiers</em>), and the archive name to act on.

  78. </p>

  79. <p>Most operations can also accept further <var>member</var> arguments,

  80. specifying particular files to operate on.

  81. </p>

  82. 

  83. <p><small>GNU</small> <code>ar</code> allows you to mix the operation code <var>p</var> and modifier

  84. flags <var>mod</var> in any order, within the first command-line argument.

  85. </p>

  86. <p>If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a

  87. dash.

  88. </p>

  89. <a name="index-operations-on-archive"></a>

  90. <p>The <var>p</var> keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be

  91. any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:

  92. </p>

  93. <dl compact="compact">

  94. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>d</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  95. <dd><a name="index-deleting-from-archive"></a>

  96. <p><em>Delete</em> modules from the archive.  Specify the names of modules to

  97. be deleted as <var>member</var>&hellip;; the archive is untouched if you

  98. specify no files to delete.

  99. </p>

  100. <p>If you specify the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; modifier, <code>ar</code> lists each module

  101. as it is deleted.

  102. </p>

  103. </dd>

  104. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>m</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  105. <dd><a name="index-moving-in-archive"></a>

  106. <p>Use this operation to <em>move</em> members in an archive.

  107. </p>

  108. <p>The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how

  109. programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more

  110. than one member.

  111. </p>

  112. <p>If no modifiers are used with <code>m</code>, any members you name in the

  113. <var>member</var> arguments are moved to the <em>end</em> of the archive;

  114. you can use the &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo; modifiers to move them to a

  115. specified place instead.

  116. </p>

  117. </dd>

  118. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>p</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  119. <dd><a name="index-printing-from-archive"></a>

  120. <p><em>Print</em> the specified members of the archive, to the standard

  121. output file.  If the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; modifier is specified, show the member

  122. name before copying its contents to standard output.

  123. </p>

  124. <p>If you specify no <var>member</var> arguments, all the files in the archive are

  125. printed.

  126. </p>

  127. </dd>

  128. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>q</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  129. <dd><a name="index-quick-append-to-archive"></a>

  130. <p><em>Quick append</em>; Historically, add the files <var>member</var>&hellip; to the end of

  131. <var>archive</var>, without checking for replacement.

  132. </p>

  133. <p>The modifiers &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo; do <em>not</em> affect this

  134. operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.

  135. </p>

  136. <p>The modifier &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; makes <code>ar</code> list each file as it is appended.

  137. </p>

  138. <p>Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of

  139. <code>ar</code> have the option of not updating the archive&rsquo;s symbol

  140. table if one exists.  Too many different systems however assume that

  141. symbol tables are always up-to-date, so <small>GNU</small> <code>ar</code> will

  142. rebuild the table even with a quick append.

  143. </p>

  144. <p>Note - <small>GNU</small> <code>ar</code> treats the command &lsquo;<samp>qs</samp>&rsquo; as a

  145. synonym for &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; - replacing already existing files in the

  146. archive and appending new ones at the end.

  147. </p>

  148. </dd>

  149. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  150. <dd><a name="index-replacement-in-archive"></a>

  151. <p>Insert the files <var>member</var>&hellip; into <var>archive</var> (with

  152. <em>replacement</em>). This operation differs from &lsquo;<samp>q</samp>&rsquo; in that any

  153. previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being

  154. added.

  155. </p>

  156. <p>If one of the files named in <var>member</var>&hellip; does not exist, <code>ar</code>

  157. displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members

  158. of the archive matching that name.

  159. </p>

  160. <p>By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may

  161. use one of the modifiers &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo; to request

  162. placement relative to some existing member.

  163. </p>

  164. <p>The modifier &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; used with this operation elicits a line of

  165. output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo; or

  166. &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member

  167. deleted) or replaced.

  168. </p>

  169. </dd>

  170. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  171. <dd><a name="index-ranlib"></a>

  172. <p>Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists.  Note

  173. this command is an exception to the rule that there can only be one

  174. command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a command or a

  175. modifier.  In either case it does the same thing.

  176. </p>

  177. </dd>

  178. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  179. <dd><a name="index-contents-of-archive"></a>

  180. <p>Display a <em>table</em> listing the contents of <var>archive</var>, or those

  181. of the files listed in <var>member</var>&hellip; that are present in the

  182. archive.  Normally only the member name is shown, but if the modifier

  183. &lsquo;<samp>O</samp>&rsquo; is specified, then the corresponding offset of the member is also

  184. displayed.  Finally, in order to see the modes (permissions), timestamp,

  185. owner, group, and size the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; modifier should be included.

  186. </p>

  187. <p>If you do not specify a <var>member</var>, all files in the archive

  188. are listed.

  189. </p>

  190. <a name="index-repeated-names-in-archive"></a>

  191. <a name="index-name-duplication-in-archive"></a>

  192. <p>If there is more than one file with the same name (say, &lsquo;<samp>fie</samp>&rsquo;) in

  193. an archive (say &lsquo;<samp>b.a</samp>&rsquo;), &lsquo;<samp>ar t b.a fie</samp>&rsquo; lists only the

  194. first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete

  195. listing&mdash;in our example, &lsquo;<samp>ar t b.a</samp>&rsquo;.

  196. </p>

  197. </dd>

  198. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  199. <dd><a name="index-extract-from-archive"></a>

  200. <p><em>Extract</em> members (named <var>member</var>) from the archive.  You can

  201. use the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; modifier with this operation, to request that

  202. <code>ar</code> list each name as it extracts it.

  203. </p>

  204. <p>If you do not specify a <var>member</var>, all files in the archive

  205. are extracted.

  206. </p>

  207. <p>Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive, and there are

  208. restrictions on extracting from archives created with <samp>P</samp>: The

  209. paths must not be absolute, may not contain <code>..</code>, and any

  210. subdirectories in the paths must exist.  If it is desired to avoid

  211. these restrictions then used the <samp>--output</samp> option to specify

  212. an output directory.

  213. </p></dd>

  214. </dl>

  215. 

  216. <p>A number of modifiers (<var>mod</var>) may immediately follow the <var>p</var>

  217. keyletter, to specify variations on an operation&rsquo;s behavior:

  218. </p>

  219. <dl compact="compact">

  220. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  221. <dd><a name="index-relative-placement-in-archive"></a>

  222. <p>Add new files <em>after</em> an existing member of the

  223. archive.  If you use the modifier &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, the name of an existing archive

  224. member must be present as the <var>relpos</var> argument, before the

  225. <var>archive</var> specification.

  226. </p>

  227. </dd>

  228. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  229. <dd><p>Add new files <em>before</em> an existing member of the

  230. archive.  If you use the modifier &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, the name of an existing archive

  231. member must be present as the <var>relpos</var> argument, before the

  232. <var>archive</var> specification.  (same as &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo;).

  233. </p>

  234. </dd>

  235. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>c</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  236. <dd><a name="index-creating-archives"></a>

  237. <p><em>Create</em> the archive.  The specified <var>archive</var> is always

  238. created if it did not exist, when you request an update.  But a warning is

  239. issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by

  240. using this modifier.

  241. </p>

  242. </dd>

  243. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>D</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  244. <dd><a name="index-deterministic-archives"></a>

  245. <a name="index-_002d_002denable_002ddeterministic_002darchives"></a>

  246. <p>Operate in <em>deterministic</em> mode.  When adding files and the archive

  247. index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file modes

  248. for all files.  When this option is used, if <code>ar</code> is used with

  249. identical options and identical input files, multiple runs will create

  250. identical output files regardless of the input files&rsquo; owners, groups,

  251. file modes, or modification times.

  252. </p>

  253. <p>If <samp>binutils</samp> was configured with

  254. <samp>--enable-deterministic-archives</samp>, then this mode is on by default.

  255. It can be disabled with the &lsquo;<samp>U</samp>&rsquo; modifier, below.

  256. </p>

  257. </dd>

  258. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>f</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  259. <dd><p>Truncate names in the archive.  <small>GNU</small> <code>ar</code> will normally permit file

  260. names of any length.  This will cause it to create archives which are

  261. not compatible with the native <code>ar</code> program on some systems.  If

  262. this is a concern, the &lsquo;<samp>f</samp>&rsquo; modifier may be used to truncate file

  263. names when putting them in the archive.

  264. </p>

  265. </dd>

  266. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  267. <dd><p>Insert new files <em>before</em> an existing member of the

  268. archive.  If you use the modifier &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo;, the name of an existing archive

  269. member must be present as the <var>relpos</var> argument, before the

  270. <var>archive</var> specification.  (same as &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;).

  271. </p>

  272. </dd>

  273. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  274. <dd><p>This modifier is accepted but not used.

  275. </p>

  276. </dd>

  277. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>N</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  278. <dd><p>Uses the <var>count</var> parameter.  This is used if there are multiple

  279. entries in the archive with the same name.  Extract or delete instance

  280. <var>count</var> of the given name from the archive.

  281. </p>

  282. </dd>

  283. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  284. <dd><a name="index-dates-in-archive"></a>

  285. <p>Preserve the <em>original</em> dates of members when extracting them.  If

  286. you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive

  287. are stamped with the time of extraction.

  288. </p>

  289. </dd>

  290. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>O</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  291. <dd><a name="index-offsets-of-files"></a>

  292. <p>Display member offsets inside the archive. Use together with the &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;

  293. option.

  294. </p>

  295. </dd>

  296. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>P</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  297. <dd><p>Use the full path name when matching or storing names in the archive.

  298. Archives created with full path names are not POSIX compliant, and

  299. thus may not work with tools other than up to date <small>GNU</small> tools.

  300. Modifying such archives with <small>GNU</small> <code>ar</code> without using

  301. <samp>P</samp> will remove the full path names unless the archive is a

  302. thin archive.  Note that <samp>P</samp> may be useful when adding files to

  303. a thin archive since <samp>r</samp> without <samp>P</samp> ignores the path

  304. when choosing which element to replace.  Thus

  305. </p><div class="smallexample">

  306. <pre class="smallexample">ar rcST archive.a subdir/file1 subdir/file2 file1

  307. </pre></div>

  308. <p>will result in the first <code>subdir/file1</code> being replaced with

  309. <code>file1</code> from the current directory.  Adding <samp>P</samp> will

  310. prevent this replacement.

  311. </p>

  312. </dd>

  313. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  314. <dd><a name="index-writing-archive-index"></a>

  315. <p>Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,

  316. even if no other change is made to the archive.  You may use this modifier

  317. flag either with any operation, or alone.  Running &lsquo;<samp>ar s</samp>&rsquo; on an

  318. archive is equivalent to running &lsquo;<samp>ranlib</samp>&rsquo; on it.

  319. </p>

  320. </dd>

  321. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>S</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  322. <dd><a name="index-not-writing-archive-index"></a>

  323. <p>Do not generate an archive symbol table.  This can speed up building a

  324. large library in several steps.  The resulting archive can not be used

  325. with the linker.  In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the

  326. &lsquo;<samp>S</samp>&rsquo; modifier on the last execution of &lsquo;<samp>ar</samp>&rsquo;, or you must run

  327. &lsquo;<samp>ranlib</samp>&rsquo; on the archive.

  328. </p>

  329. </dd>

  330. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>T</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  331. <dd><a name="index-creating-thin-archive"></a>

  332. <p>Make the specified <var>archive</var> a <em>thin</em> archive.  If it already

  333. exists and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present

  334. in the same directory as <var>archive</var>.

  335. </p>

  336. </dd>

  337. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>u</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  338. <dd><a name="index-updating-an-archive"></a>

  339. <p>Normally, &lsquo;<samp>ar r</samp>&rsquo;&hellip; inserts all files

  340. listed into the archive.  If you would like to insert <em>only</em> those

  341. of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same

  342. names, use this modifier.  The &lsquo;<samp>u</samp>&rsquo; modifier is allowed only for the

  343. operation &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; (replace).  In particular, the combination &lsquo;<samp>qu</samp>&rsquo; is

  344. not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed

  345. advantage from the operation &lsquo;<samp>q</samp>&rsquo;.

  346. </p>

  347. </dd>

  348. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>U</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  349. <dd><a name="index-deterministic-archives-1"></a>

  350. <a name="index-_002d_002denable_002ddeterministic_002darchives-1"></a>

  351. <p>Do <em>not</em> operate in <em>deterministic</em> mode.  This is the inverse

  352. of the &lsquo;<samp>D</samp>&rsquo; modifier, above: added files and the archive index will

  353. get their actual UID, GID, timestamp, and file mode values.

  354. </p>

  355. <p>This is the default unless <samp>binutils</samp> was configured with

  356. <samp>--enable-deterministic-archives</samp>.

  357. </p>

  358. </dd>

  359. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  360. <dd><p>This modifier requests the <em>verbose</em> version of an operation.  Many

  361. operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,

  362. when the modifier &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; is appended.

  363. </p>

  364. </dd>

  365. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>V</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  366. <dd><p>This modifier shows the version number of <code>ar</code>.

  367. </p></dd>

  368. </dl>

  369. 

  370. <p>The <code>ar</code> program also supports some command-line options which

  371. are neither modifiers nor actions, but which do change its behaviour

  372. in specific ways:

  373. </p>

  374. <dl compact="compact">

  375. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>--help</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  376. <dd><p>Displays the list of command-line options supported by <code>ar</code>

  377. and then exits.

  378. </p>

  379. </dd>

  380. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>--version</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  381. <dd><p>Displays the version information of <code>ar</code> and then exits.

  382. </p>

  383. </dd>

  384. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>-X32_64</samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  385. <dd><p><code>ar</code> ignores an initial option spelled &lsquo;<samp>-X32_64</samp>&rsquo;, for

  386. compatibility with AIX.  The behaviour produced by this option is the

  387. default for <small>GNU</small> <code>ar</code>.  <code>ar</code> does not support any

  388. of the other &lsquo;<samp>-X</samp>&rsquo; options; in particular, it does not support

  389. <samp>-X32</samp> which is the default for AIX <code>ar</code>.

  390. </p>

  391. </dd>

  392. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>--plugin <var>name</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  393. <dd><a name="index-plugins"></a>

  394. <p>The optional command-line switch <samp>--plugin <var>name</var></samp> causes

  395. <code>ar</code> to load the plugin called <var>name</var> which adds support

  396. for more file formats, including object files with link-time

  397. optimization information.

  398. </p>

  399. <p>This option is only available if the toolchain has been built with

  400. plugin support enabled.

  401. </p>

  402. <p>If <samp>--plugin</samp> is not provided, but plugin support has been

  403. enabled then <code>ar</code> iterates over the files in

  404. <samp>${libdir}/bfd-plugins</samp> in alphabetic order and the first

  405. plugin that claims the object in question is used.

  406. </p>

  407. <p>Please note that this plugin search directory is <em>not</em> the one

  408. used by <code>ld</code>&rsquo;s <samp>-plugin</samp> option.  In order to make

  409. <code>ar</code> use the  linker plugin it must be copied into the

  410. <samp>${libdir}/bfd-plugins</samp> directory.  For GCC based compilations

  411. the linker plugin is called <samp>liblto_plugin.so.0.0.0</samp>.  For Clang

  412. based compilations it is called <samp>LLVMgold.so</samp>.  The GCC plugin

  413. is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is

  414. sufficient to just copy the newest one.

  415. </p>

  416. </dd>

  417. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>--target <var>target</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  418. <dd><p>The optional command-line switch <samp>--target <var>bfdname</var></samp>

  419. specifies that the archive members are in an object code format

  420. different from your system&rsquo;s default format.  See

  421. See <a href="Target-Selection.html#Target-Selection">Target Selection</a>, for more information.

  422. </p>

  423. </dd>

  424. <dt>&lsquo;<samp>--output <var>dirname</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>

  425. <dd><p>The <samp>--output</samp> option can be used to specify a path to a

  426. directory into which archive members should be extracted.  If this

  427. option is not specified then the current directory will be used.

  428. </p>

  429. <p>Note - although the presence of this option does imply a <samp>x</samp> 

  430. extraction operation that option must still be included on the command

  431. line.

  432. </p>

  433. </dd>

  434. </dl>

  435. 

  436. 

  437. <hr>

  438. <div class="header">

  439. <p>

  440. Next: <a href="ar-scripts.html#ar-scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">ar scripts</a>, Up: <a href="ar.html#ar" accesskey="u" rel="up">ar</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Binutils-Index.html#Binutils-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>

  441. </div>

  442. 

  443. 

  444. 

  445. </body>

  446. </html>