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 - </div>
 - <hr>
 - <a name="swprintf_002c-fwprintf_002c-wprintf_002d_002d_002dwide-character-format-output"></a>
 - <h3 class="section">4.64 <code>swprintf</code>, <code>fwprintf</code>, <code>wprintf</code>—wide character format output</h3>
 - <a name="index-fwprintf"></a>
 - <a name="index-_005ffwprintf_005fr"></a>
 - <a name="index-wprintf"></a>
 - <a name="index-_005fwprintf_005fr"></a>
 - <a name="index-swprintf"></a>
 - <a name="index-_005fswprintf_005fr"></a>
 - <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 - </p><div class="example">
 - <pre class="example">#include <wchar.h>
 - 
 - int wprintf(const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
 - int fwprintf(FILE *__restrict <var>fd</var>,
 -     const wchar_t *__restrict <var>format</var>, ...);
 - int swprintf(wchar_t *__restrict <var>str</var>, size_t <var>size</var>,
 -     const wchar_t *__restrict <var>format</var>, ...);
 - 
 - int _wprintf_r(struct _reent *<var>ptr</var>, const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
 - int _fwprintf_r(struct _reent *<var>ptr</var>, FILE *<var>fd</var>,
 -     const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
 - int _swprintf_r(struct _reent *<var>ptr</var>, wchar_t *<var>str</var>,
 -     size_t <var>size</var>, const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
 - 
 - </pre></div>
 - <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 - <code>wprintf</code> accepts a series of arguments, applies to each a
 - format specifier from <code>*<var>format</var></code>, and writes the
 - formatted data to <code>stdout</code>, without a terminating NUL
 - wide character.  The behavior of <code>wprintf</code> is undefined if there
 - are not enough arguments for the format or if any argument is not the
 - right type for the corresponding conversion specifier.  <code>wprintf</code>
 - returns when it reaches the end of the format string.  If there are
 - more arguments than the format requires, excess arguments are
 - ignored.
 - </p>
 - <p><code>fwprintf</code> is like <code>wprintf</code>, except that output is directed
 - to the stream <var>fd</var> rather than <code>stdout</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p><code>swprintf</code> is like <code>wprintf</code>, except that output is directed
 - to the buffer <var>str</var> with a terminating wide <code>NUL</code>, and the
 - resulting string length is limited to at most <var>size</var> wide characters,
 - including the terminating <code>NUL</code>.  It is considered an error if the
 - output (including the terminating wide-<code>NULL</code>) does not fit into
 - <var>size</var> wide characters.  (This error behavior is not the same as for
 - <code>snprintf</code>, which <code>swprintf</code> is otherwise completely analogous to.
 - While <code>snprintf</code> allows the needed size to be known simply by giving
 - <var>size</var>=0, <code>swprintf</code> does not, giving an error instead.)
 - </p>
 - <p>For <code>swprintf</code> the behavior is undefined if the output
 - <code>*<var>str</var></code> overlaps with one of the arguments.  Behavior is also
 - undefined if the argument for <code>%n</code> within <code>*<var>format</var></code>
 - overlaps another argument.
 - </p>
 - <p><var>format</var> is a pointer to a wide character string containing two
 - types of objects: ordinary characters (other than <code>%</code>),
 - which are copied unchanged to the output, and conversion
 - specifications, each of which is introduced by <code>%</code>. (To
 - include <code>%</code> in the output, use <code>%%</code> in the format string.)
 - A conversion specification has the following form:
 - </p>
 - <div class="smallexample">
 - <pre class="smallexample">       %[<var>pos</var>][<var>flags</var>][<var>width</var>][.<var>prec</var>][<var>size</var>]<var>type</var>
 - </pre></div>
 - 
 - <p>The fields of the conversion specification have the following
 - meanings:
 - </p>
 - <ul>
 - <li> <var>pos</var>
 - 
 - <p>Conversions normally consume arguments in the order that they
 - are presented.  However, it is possible to consume arguments
 - out of order, and reuse an argument for more than one
 - conversion specification (although the behavior is undefined
 - if the same argument is requested with different types), by
 - specifying <var>pos</var>, which is a decimal integer followed by
 - ’$’.  The integer must be between 1 and <NL_ARGMAX> from
 - limits.h, and if argument <code>%n$</code> is requested, all earlier
 - arguments must be requested somewhere within <var>format</var>.  If
 - positional parameters are used, then all conversion
 - specifications except for <code>%%</code> must specify a position.
 - This positional parameters method is a POSIX extension to the C
 - standard definition for the functions.
 - </p>
 - </li><li> <var>flags</var>
 - 
 - <p><var>flags</var> is an optional sequence of characters which control
 - output justification, numeric signs, decimal points, trailing
 - zeros, and octal and hex prefixes.  The flag characters are
 - minus (<code>-</code>), plus (<code>+</code>), space ( ), zero (<code>0</code>), sharp
 - (<code>#</code>), and quote (<code>'</code>).  They can appear in any
 - combination, although not all flags can be used for all
 - conversion specification types.
 - </p>
 - <dl compact="compact">
 - <dt><code>'</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>A POSIX extension to the C standard.  However, this
 - implementation presently treats it as a no-op, which
 - is the default behavior for the C locale, anyway.  (If
 - it did what it is supposed to, when <var>type</var> were <code>i</code>,
 - <code>d</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>, the
 - integer portion of the conversion would be formatted
 - with thousands’ grouping wide characters.)
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>-</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>The result of the conversion is left
 - justified, and the right is padded with
 - blanks.  If you do not use this flag, the
 - result is right justified, and padded on the
 - left.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>+</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>The result of a signed conversion (as
 - determined by <var>type</var> of <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>a</code>,
 - <code>A</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>g</code>, or
 - <code>G</code>) will always begin with a plus or minus
 - sign.  (If you do not use this flag, positive
 - values do not begin with a plus sign.)
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>" " (space)</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>If the first character of a signed conversion
 - specification is not a sign, or if a signed
 - conversion results in no characters, the
 - result will begin with a space.  If the space
 - ( ) flag and the plus (<code>+</code>) flag both
 - appear, the space flag is ignored.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>0</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>If the <var>type</var> character is <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>,
 - <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, <code>X</code>, <code>a</code>, <code>A</code>,
 - <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>:  leading
 - zeros are used to pad the field width
 - (following any indication of sign or base); no
 - spaces are used for padding.  If the zero
 - (<code>0</code>) and minus (<code>-</code>) flags both appear,
 - the zero (<code>0</code>) flag will be ignored.  For
 - <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, and <code>X</code>
 - conversions, if a precision <var>prec</var> is
 - specified, the zero (<code>0</code>) flag is ignored.
 - </p>
 - <p>Note that <code>0</code> is interpreted as a flag, not
 - as the beginning of a field width.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>#</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>The result is to be converted to an
 - alternative form, according to the <var>type</var>
 - character.
 - </p></dd>
 - </dl>
 - 
 - 
 - <p>The alternative form output with the # flag depends on the <var>type</var>
 - character:
 - </p>
 - <dl compact="compact">
 - <dt><code>o</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Increases precision to force the first
 - digit of the result to be a zero.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>x</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>A non-zero result will have a <code>0x</code>
 - prefix.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>X</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>A non-zero result will have a <code>0X</code>
 - prefix.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>a, A, e, E, f, or F</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>The result will always contain a
 - decimal point even if no digits follow
 - the point.  (Normally, a decimal point
 - appears only if a digit follows it.)
 - Trailing zeros are removed.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>g or G</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>The result will always contain a
 - decimal point even if no digits follow
 - the point.  Trailing zeros are not
 - removed.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>all others</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Undefined.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - </dl>
 - 
 - 
 - </li><li> <var>width</var>
 - 
 - <p><var>width</var> is an optional minimum field width.  You can
 - either specify it directly as a decimal integer, or
 - indirectly by using instead an asterisk (<code>*</code>), in
 - which case an <code>int</code> argument is used as the field
 - width.  If positional arguments are used, then the
 - width must also be specified positionally as <code>*m$</code>,
 - with m as a decimal integer.  Negative field widths
 - are treated as specifying the minus (<code>-</code>) flag for
 - left justfication, along with a positive field width.
 - The resulting format may be wider than the specified
 - width.
 - </p>
 - </li><li> <var>prec</var>
 - 
 - <p><var>prec</var> is an optional field; if present, it is
 - introduced with ‘<code>.</code>’ (a period). You can specify
 - the precision either directly as a decimal integer or
 - indirectly by using an asterisk (<code>*</code>), in which case
 - an <code>int</code> argument is used as the precision.  If
 - positional arguments are used, then the precision must
 - also be specified positionally as <code>*m$</code>, with m as a
 - decimal integer.  Supplying a negative precision is
 - equivalent to omitting the precision.  If only a
 - period is specified the precision is zero. The effect
 - depends on the conversion <var>type</var>.
 - </p>
 - <dl compact="compact">
 - <dt><code>d, i, o, u, x, or X</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Minimum number of digits to appear.  If no
 - precision is given, defaults to 1.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>a or A</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Number of digits to appear after the decimal
 - point.  If no precision is given, the
 - precision defaults to the minimum needed for
 - an exact representation.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>e, E, f or F</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Number of digits to appear after the decimal
 - point.  If no precision is given, the
 - precision defaults to 6.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>g or G</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Maximum number of significant digits.  A
 - precision of 0 is treated the same as a
 - precision of 1.  If no precision is given, the
 - precision defaults to 6.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>s or S</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Maximum number of characters to print from the
 - string.  If no precision is given, the entire
 - string is printed.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>all others</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>undefined.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - </dl>
 - 
 - 
 - </li><li> <var>size</var>
 - 
 - <p><var>size</var> is an optional modifier that changes the data
 - type that the corresponding argument has.  Behavior is
 - unspecified if a size is given that does not match the
 - <var>type</var>.
 - </p>
 - <dl compact="compact">
 - <dt><code>hh</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument should be
 - converted to a <code>signed char</code> or <code>unsigned
 - char</code> before printing.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to a <code>signed char</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>h</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument should be
 - converted to a <code>short</code> or <code>unsigned short</code>
 - before printing.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to a <code>short</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>l</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - <code>long</code> or <code>unsigned long</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>c</code>, specifies that the argument has
 - type <code>wint_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>s</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to <code>wchar_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to a <code>long</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>a</code>, <code>A</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>,
 - <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>, has no effect (because of
 - vararg promotion rules, there is no need to
 - distinguish between <code>float</code> and <code>double</code>).
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>ll</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - <code>long long</code> or <code>unsigned long long</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to a <code>long long</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>j</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is an
 - <code>intmax_t</code> or <code>uintmax_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to an <code>intmax_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>z</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a <code>size_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to a <code>size_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>t</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
 - <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - <code>ptrdiff_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
 - pointer to a <code>ptrdiff_t</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>L</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>With <code>a</code>, <code>A</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>,
 - <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>, specifies that the argument
 - is a <code>long double</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - </dl>
 - 
 - 
 - </li><li> <var>type</var>
 - 
 - <p><var>type</var> specifies what kind of conversion <code>wprintf</code>
 - performs.  Here is a table of these:
 - </p>
 - <dl compact="compact">
 - <dt><code>%</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints the percent character (<code>%</code>).
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>c</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>If no <code>l</code> qualifier is present, the int argument shall
 - be converted to a wide character as if by calling
 - the btowc() function and the resulting wide character
 - shall be written.  Otherwise, the wint_t argument
 - shall be converted to wchar_t, and written.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>C</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Short for <code>%lc</code>.  A POSIX extension to the C standard.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>s</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>If no <code>l</code> qualifier is present, the application
 - shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to a
 - character array containing a character sequence
 - beginning in the initial shift state.  Characters
 - from the array shall be converted as if by repeated
 - calls to the mbrtowc() function, with the conversion
 - state described by an mbstate_t object initialized to
 - zero before the first character is converted, and
 - written up to (but not including) the terminating
 - null wide character. If the precision is specified,
 - no more than that many wide characters shall be
 - written.  If the precision is not specified, or is
 - greater than the size of the array, the application
 - shall ensure that the array contains a null wide
 - character.
 - </p>
 - <p>If an <code>l</code> qualifier is present, the application
 - shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to an
 - array of type wchar_t. Wide characters from the array
 - shall be written up to (but not including) a
 - terminating null wide character. If no precision is
 - specified, or is greater than the size of the array,
 - the application shall ensure that the array contains
 - a null wide character. If a precision is specified,
 - no more than that many wide characters shall be
 - written.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>S</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Short for <code>%ls</code>.  A POSIX extension to the C standard.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>d or i</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints a signed decimal integer; takes an
 - <code>int</code>.  Leading zeros are inserted as
 - necessary to reach the precision.  A value of 0 with
 - a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>o</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints an unsigned octal integer; takes an
 - <code>unsigned</code>.  Leading zeros are inserted as
 - necessary to reach the precision.  A value of 0 with
 - a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>u</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints an unsigned decimal integer; takes an
 - <code>unsigned</code>.  Leading zeros are inserted as
 - necessary to reach the precision.  A value of 0 with
 - a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>x</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints an unsigned hexadecimal integer (using
 - <code>abcdef</code> as digits beyond <code>9</code>); takes an
 - <code>unsigned</code>.  Leading zeros are inserted as
 - necessary to reach the precision.  A value of 0 with
 - a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>X</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Like <code>x</code>, but uses <code>ABCDEF</code> as digits
 - beyond <code>9</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>f</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints a signed value of the form
 - <code>[-]9999.9999</code>, with the precision
 - determining how many digits follow the decimal
 - point; takes a <code>double</code> (remember that
 - <code>float</code> promotes to <code>double</code> as a vararg).
 - The low order digit is rounded to even.  If
 - the precision results in at most DECIMAL_DIG
 - digits, the result is rounded correctly; if
 - more than DECIMAL_DIG digits are printed, the
 - result is only guaranteed to round back to the
 - original value.
 - </p>
 - <p>If the value is infinite, the result is
 - <code>inf</code>, and no zero padding is performed.  If
 - the value is not a number, the result is
 - <code>nan</code>, and no zero padding is performed.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>F</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Like <code>f</code>, but uses <code>INF</code> and <code>NAN</code> for
 - non-finite numbers.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>e</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints a signed value of the form
 - <code>[-]9.9999e[+|-]999</code>; takes a <code>double</code>.
 - The digit before the decimal point is non-zero
 - if the value is non-zero.  The precision
 - determines how many digits appear between
 - <code>.</code> and <code>e</code>, and the exponent always
 - contains at least two digits.  The value zero
 - has an exponent of zero.  If the value is not
 - finite, it is printed like <code>f</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>E</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Like <code>e</code>, but using <code>E</code> to introduce the
 - exponent, and like <code>F</code> for non-finite
 - values.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>g</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints a signed value in either <code>f</code> or <code>e</code>
 - form, based on the given value and
 - precision—an exponent less than -4 or
 - greater than the precision selects the <code>e</code>
 - form.  Trailing zeros and the decimal point
 - are printed only if necessary; takes a
 - <code>double</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>G</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Like <code>g</code>, except use <code>F</code> or <code>E</code> form.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>a</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints a signed value of the form
 - <code>[-]0x1.ffffp[+|-]9</code>; takes a <code>double</code>.
 - The letters <code>abcdef</code> are used for digits
 - beyond <code>9</code>.  The precision determines how
 - many digits appear after the decimal point.
 - The exponent contains at least one digit, and
 - is a decimal value representing the power of
 - 2; a value of 0 has an exponent of 0.
 - Non-finite values are printed like <code>f</code>.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>A</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Like <code>a</code>, except uses <code>X</code>, <code>P</code>, and
 - <code>ABCDEF</code> instead of lower case.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>n</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Takes a pointer to <code>int</code>, and stores a count
 - of the number of bytes written so far.  No
 - output is created.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>p</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Takes a pointer to <code>void</code>, and prints it in
 - an implementation-defined format.  This
 - implementation is similar to <code>%#tx</code>), except
 - that <code>0x</code> appears even for the NULL pointer.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - <dt><code>m</code></dt>
 - <dd><p>Prints the output of <code>strerror(errno)</code>; no
 - argument is required.  A GNU extension.
 - </p>
 - </dd>
 - </dl>
 - 
 - </li></ul>
 - 
 - 
 - <p><code>_wprintf_r</code>, <code>_fwprintf_r</code>, <code>_swprintf_r</code>, are simply
 - reentrant versions of the functions above.
 - </p>
 - <br>
 - <p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
 - On success, <code>swprintf</code> return the number of wide characters in
 - the output string, except the concluding <code>NUL</code> is not counted.
 - <code>wprintf</code> and <code>fwprintf</code> return the number of characters transmitted.
 - </p>
 - <p>If an error occurs, the result of <code>wprintf</code>, <code>fwprintf</code>, and
 - <code>swprintf</code> is a negative value.  For <code>wprintf</code> and <code>fwprintf</code>,
 - <code>errno</code> may be set according to <code>fputwc</code>.  For <code>swprintf</code>, <code>errno</code>
 - may be set to EOVERFLOW if <var>size</var> is greater than INT_MAX / sizeof (wchar_t),
 - or when the output does not fit into <var>size</var> wide characters (including the
 - terminating wide <code>NULL</code>).
 - </p>
 - <br>
 - <p><strong>Bugs</strong><br>
 - The “”’ (quote) flag does not work when locale’s thousands_sep is not empty.
 - </p>
 - <br>
 - <p><strong>Portability</strong><br>
 - POSIX-1.2008 with extensions; C99 (compliant except for POSIX extensions).
 - </p>
 - <p>Depending on how newlib was configured, not all format specifiers are
 - supported.
 - </p>
 - <p>Supporting OS subroutines required: <code>close</code>, <code>fstat</code>, <code>isatty</code>,
 - <code>lseek</code>, <code>read</code>, <code>sbrk</code>, <code>write</code>.
 - </p>
 - <br>
 - 
 - <hr>
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