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- <a name="swprintf"></a>
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- <p>
- Next: <a href="swscanf.html#swscanf" accesskey="n" rel="next">swscanf</a>, Previous: <a href="stdio_005fext.html#stdio_005fext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">stdio_ext</a>, Up: <a href="Stdio.html#Stdio" accesskey="u" rel="up">Stdio</a> [<a href="Document-Index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Document-Index.html#Document-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
- </div>
- <hr>
- <a name="swprintf_002c-fwprintf_002c-wprintf_002d_002d_002dwide-character-format-output"></a>
- <h3 class="section">4.64 <code>swprintf</code>, <code>fwprintf</code>, <code>wprintf</code>—wide character format output</h3>
- <a name="index-fwprintf"></a>
- <a name="index-_005ffwprintf_005fr"></a>
- <a name="index-wprintf"></a>
- <a name="index-_005fwprintf_005fr"></a>
- <a name="index-swprintf"></a>
- <a name="index-_005fswprintf_005fr"></a>
- <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
- </p><div class="example">
- <pre class="example">#include <wchar.h>
-
- int wprintf(const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
- int fwprintf(FILE *__restrict <var>fd</var>,
- const wchar_t *__restrict <var>format</var>, ...);
- int swprintf(wchar_t *__restrict <var>str</var>, size_t <var>size</var>,
- const wchar_t *__restrict <var>format</var>, ...);
-
- int _wprintf_r(struct _reent *<var>ptr</var>, const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
- int _fwprintf_r(struct _reent *<var>ptr</var>, FILE *<var>fd</var>,
- const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
- int _swprintf_r(struct _reent *<var>ptr</var>, wchar_t *<var>str</var>,
- size_t <var>size</var>, const wchar_t *<var>format</var>, ...);
-
- </pre></div>
- <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
- <code>wprintf</code> accepts a series of arguments, applies to each a
- format specifier from <code>*<var>format</var></code>, and writes the
- formatted data to <code>stdout</code>, without a terminating NUL
- wide character. The behavior of <code>wprintf</code> is undefined if there
- are not enough arguments for the format or if any argument is not the
- right type for the corresponding conversion specifier. <code>wprintf</code>
- returns when it reaches the end of the format string. If there are
- more arguments than the format requires, excess arguments are
- ignored.
- </p>
- <p><code>fwprintf</code> is like <code>wprintf</code>, except that output is directed
- to the stream <var>fd</var> rather than <code>stdout</code>.
- </p>
- <p><code>swprintf</code> is like <code>wprintf</code>, except that output is directed
- to the buffer <var>str</var> with a terminating wide <code>NUL</code>, and the
- resulting string length is limited to at most <var>size</var> wide characters,
- including the terminating <code>NUL</code>. It is considered an error if the
- output (including the terminating wide-<code>NULL</code>) does not fit into
- <var>size</var> wide characters. (This error behavior is not the same as for
- <code>snprintf</code>, which <code>swprintf</code> is otherwise completely analogous to.
- While <code>snprintf</code> allows the needed size to be known simply by giving
- <var>size</var>=0, <code>swprintf</code> does not, giving an error instead.)
- </p>
- <p>For <code>swprintf</code> the behavior is undefined if the output
- <code>*<var>str</var></code> overlaps with one of the arguments. Behavior is also
- undefined if the argument for <code>%n</code> within <code>*<var>format</var></code>
- overlaps another argument.
- </p>
- <p><var>format</var> is a pointer to a wide character string containing two
- types of objects: ordinary characters (other than <code>%</code>),
- which are copied unchanged to the output, and conversion
- specifications, each of which is introduced by <code>%</code>. (To
- include <code>%</code> in the output, use <code>%%</code> in the format string.)
- A conversion specification has the following form:
- </p>
- <div class="smallexample">
- <pre class="smallexample"> %[<var>pos</var>][<var>flags</var>][<var>width</var>][.<var>prec</var>][<var>size</var>]<var>type</var>
- </pre></div>
-
- <p>The fields of the conversion specification have the following
- meanings:
- </p>
- <ul>
- <li> <var>pos</var>
-
- <p>Conversions normally consume arguments in the order that they
- are presented. However, it is possible to consume arguments
- out of order, and reuse an argument for more than one
- conversion specification (although the behavior is undefined
- if the same argument is requested with different types), by
- specifying <var>pos</var>, which is a decimal integer followed by
- ’$’. The integer must be between 1 and <NL_ARGMAX> from
- limits.h, and if argument <code>%n$</code> is requested, all earlier
- arguments must be requested somewhere within <var>format</var>. If
- positional parameters are used, then all conversion
- specifications except for <code>%%</code> must specify a position.
- This positional parameters method is a POSIX extension to the C
- standard definition for the functions.
- </p>
- </li><li> <var>flags</var>
-
- <p><var>flags</var> is an optional sequence of characters which control
- output justification, numeric signs, decimal points, trailing
- zeros, and octal and hex prefixes. The flag characters are
- minus (<code>-</code>), plus (<code>+</code>), space ( ), zero (<code>0</code>), sharp
- (<code>#</code>), and quote (<code>'</code>). They can appear in any
- combination, although not all flags can be used for all
- conversion specification types.
- </p>
- <dl compact="compact">
- <dt><code>'</code></dt>
- <dd><p>A POSIX extension to the C standard. However, this
- implementation presently treats it as a no-op, which
- is the default behavior for the C locale, anyway. (If
- it did what it is supposed to, when <var>type</var> were <code>i</code>,
- <code>d</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>, the
- integer portion of the conversion would be formatted
- with thousands’ grouping wide characters.)
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>-</code></dt>
- <dd><p>The result of the conversion is left
- justified, and the right is padded with
- blanks. If you do not use this flag, the
- result is right justified, and padded on the
- left.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>+</code></dt>
- <dd><p>The result of a signed conversion (as
- determined by <var>type</var> of <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>a</code>,
- <code>A</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>g</code>, or
- <code>G</code>) will always begin with a plus or minus
- sign. (If you do not use this flag, positive
- values do not begin with a plus sign.)
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>" " (space)</code></dt>
- <dd><p>If the first character of a signed conversion
- specification is not a sign, or if a signed
- conversion results in no characters, the
- result will begin with a space. If the space
- ( ) flag and the plus (<code>+</code>) flag both
- appear, the space flag is ignored.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>0</code></dt>
- <dd><p>If the <var>type</var> character is <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>,
- <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, <code>X</code>, <code>a</code>, <code>A</code>,
- <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>: leading
- zeros are used to pad the field width
- (following any indication of sign or base); no
- spaces are used for padding. If the zero
- (<code>0</code>) and minus (<code>-</code>) flags both appear,
- the zero (<code>0</code>) flag will be ignored. For
- <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, and <code>X</code>
- conversions, if a precision <var>prec</var> is
- specified, the zero (<code>0</code>) flag is ignored.
- </p>
- <p>Note that <code>0</code> is interpreted as a flag, not
- as the beginning of a field width.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>#</code></dt>
- <dd><p>The result is to be converted to an
- alternative form, according to the <var>type</var>
- character.
- </p></dd>
- </dl>
-
-
- <p>The alternative form output with the # flag depends on the <var>type</var>
- character:
- </p>
- <dl compact="compact">
- <dt><code>o</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Increases precision to force the first
- digit of the result to be a zero.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>x</code></dt>
- <dd><p>A non-zero result will have a <code>0x</code>
- prefix.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>X</code></dt>
- <dd><p>A non-zero result will have a <code>0X</code>
- prefix.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>a, A, e, E, f, or F</code></dt>
- <dd><p>The result will always contain a
- decimal point even if no digits follow
- the point. (Normally, a decimal point
- appears only if a digit follows it.)
- Trailing zeros are removed.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>g or G</code></dt>
- <dd><p>The result will always contain a
- decimal point even if no digits follow
- the point. Trailing zeros are not
- removed.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>all others</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Undefined.
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
-
-
- </li><li> <var>width</var>
-
- <p><var>width</var> is an optional minimum field width. You can
- either specify it directly as a decimal integer, or
- indirectly by using instead an asterisk (<code>*</code>), in
- which case an <code>int</code> argument is used as the field
- width. If positional arguments are used, then the
- width must also be specified positionally as <code>*m$</code>,
- with m as a decimal integer. Negative field widths
- are treated as specifying the minus (<code>-</code>) flag for
- left justfication, along with a positive field width.
- The resulting format may be wider than the specified
- width.
- </p>
- </li><li> <var>prec</var>
-
- <p><var>prec</var> is an optional field; if present, it is
- introduced with ‘<code>.</code>’ (a period). You can specify
- the precision either directly as a decimal integer or
- indirectly by using an asterisk (<code>*</code>), in which case
- an <code>int</code> argument is used as the precision. If
- positional arguments are used, then the precision must
- also be specified positionally as <code>*m$</code>, with m as a
- decimal integer. Supplying a negative precision is
- equivalent to omitting the precision. If only a
- period is specified the precision is zero. The effect
- depends on the conversion <var>type</var>.
- </p>
- <dl compact="compact">
- <dt><code>d, i, o, u, x, or X</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Minimum number of digits to appear. If no
- precision is given, defaults to 1.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>a or A</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Number of digits to appear after the decimal
- point. If no precision is given, the
- precision defaults to the minimum needed for
- an exact representation.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>e, E, f or F</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Number of digits to appear after the decimal
- point. If no precision is given, the
- precision defaults to 6.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>g or G</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Maximum number of significant digits. A
- precision of 0 is treated the same as a
- precision of 1. If no precision is given, the
- precision defaults to 6.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>s or S</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Maximum number of characters to print from the
- string. If no precision is given, the entire
- string is printed.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>all others</code></dt>
- <dd><p>undefined.
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
-
-
- </li><li> <var>size</var>
-
- <p><var>size</var> is an optional modifier that changes the data
- type that the corresponding argument has. Behavior is
- unspecified if a size is given that does not match the
- <var>type</var>.
- </p>
- <dl compact="compact">
- <dt><code>hh</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument should be
- converted to a <code>signed char</code> or <code>unsigned
- char</code> before printing.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to a <code>signed char</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>h</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument should be
- converted to a <code>short</code> or <code>unsigned short</code>
- before printing.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to a <code>short</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>l</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- <code>long</code> or <code>unsigned long</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>c</code>, specifies that the argument has
- type <code>wint_t</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>s</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to <code>wchar_t</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to a <code>long</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>a</code>, <code>A</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>,
- <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>, has no effect (because of
- vararg promotion rules, there is no need to
- distinguish between <code>float</code> and <code>double</code>).
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>ll</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- <code>long long</code> or <code>unsigned long long</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to a <code>long long</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>j</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is an
- <code>intmax_t</code> or <code>uintmax_t</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to an <code>intmax_t</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>z</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a <code>size_t</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to a <code>size_t</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>t</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>d</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>x</code>, or
- <code>X</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- <code>ptrdiff_t</code>.
- </p>
- <p>With <code>n</code>, specifies that the argument is a
- pointer to a <code>ptrdiff_t</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>L</code></dt>
- <dd><p>With <code>a</code>, <code>A</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>F</code>,
- <code>g</code>, or <code>G</code>, specifies that the argument
- is a <code>long double</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
-
-
- </li><li> <var>type</var>
-
- <p><var>type</var> specifies what kind of conversion <code>wprintf</code>
- performs. Here is a table of these:
- </p>
- <dl compact="compact">
- <dt><code>%</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints the percent character (<code>%</code>).
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>c</code></dt>
- <dd><p>If no <code>l</code> qualifier is present, the int argument shall
- be converted to a wide character as if by calling
- the btowc() function and the resulting wide character
- shall be written. Otherwise, the wint_t argument
- shall be converted to wchar_t, and written.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>C</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Short for <code>%lc</code>. A POSIX extension to the C standard.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>s</code></dt>
- <dd><p>If no <code>l</code> qualifier is present, the application
- shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to a
- character array containing a character sequence
- beginning in the initial shift state. Characters
- from the array shall be converted as if by repeated
- calls to the mbrtowc() function, with the conversion
- state described by an mbstate_t object initialized to
- zero before the first character is converted, and
- written up to (but not including) the terminating
- null wide character. If the precision is specified,
- no more than that many wide characters shall be
- written. If the precision is not specified, or is
- greater than the size of the array, the application
- shall ensure that the array contains a null wide
- character.
- </p>
- <p>If an <code>l</code> qualifier is present, the application
- shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to an
- array of type wchar_t. Wide characters from the array
- shall be written up to (but not including) a
- terminating null wide character. If no precision is
- specified, or is greater than the size of the array,
- the application shall ensure that the array contains
- a null wide character. If a precision is specified,
- no more than that many wide characters shall be
- written.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>S</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Short for <code>%ls</code>. A POSIX extension to the C standard.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>d or i</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints a signed decimal integer; takes an
- <code>int</code>. Leading zeros are inserted as
- necessary to reach the precision. A value of 0 with
- a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>o</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints an unsigned octal integer; takes an
- <code>unsigned</code>. Leading zeros are inserted as
- necessary to reach the precision. A value of 0 with
- a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>u</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints an unsigned decimal integer; takes an
- <code>unsigned</code>. Leading zeros are inserted as
- necessary to reach the precision. A value of 0 with
- a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>x</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints an unsigned hexadecimal integer (using
- <code>abcdef</code> as digits beyond <code>9</code>); takes an
- <code>unsigned</code>. Leading zeros are inserted as
- necessary to reach the precision. A value of 0 with
- a precision of 0 produces an empty string.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>X</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Like <code>x</code>, but uses <code>ABCDEF</code> as digits
- beyond <code>9</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>f</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints a signed value of the form
- <code>[-]9999.9999</code>, with the precision
- determining how many digits follow the decimal
- point; takes a <code>double</code> (remember that
- <code>float</code> promotes to <code>double</code> as a vararg).
- The low order digit is rounded to even. If
- the precision results in at most DECIMAL_DIG
- digits, the result is rounded correctly; if
- more than DECIMAL_DIG digits are printed, the
- result is only guaranteed to round back to the
- original value.
- </p>
- <p>If the value is infinite, the result is
- <code>inf</code>, and no zero padding is performed. If
- the value is not a number, the result is
- <code>nan</code>, and no zero padding is performed.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>F</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Like <code>f</code>, but uses <code>INF</code> and <code>NAN</code> for
- non-finite numbers.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>e</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints a signed value of the form
- <code>[-]9.9999e[+|-]999</code>; takes a <code>double</code>.
- The digit before the decimal point is non-zero
- if the value is non-zero. The precision
- determines how many digits appear between
- <code>.</code> and <code>e</code>, and the exponent always
- contains at least two digits. The value zero
- has an exponent of zero. If the value is not
- finite, it is printed like <code>f</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>E</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Like <code>e</code>, but using <code>E</code> to introduce the
- exponent, and like <code>F</code> for non-finite
- values.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>g</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints a signed value in either <code>f</code> or <code>e</code>
- form, based on the given value and
- precision—an exponent less than -4 or
- greater than the precision selects the <code>e</code>
- form. Trailing zeros and the decimal point
- are printed only if necessary; takes a
- <code>double</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>G</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Like <code>g</code>, except use <code>F</code> or <code>E</code> form.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>a</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints a signed value of the form
- <code>[-]0x1.ffffp[+|-]9</code>; takes a <code>double</code>.
- The letters <code>abcdef</code> are used for digits
- beyond <code>9</code>. The precision determines how
- many digits appear after the decimal point.
- The exponent contains at least one digit, and
- is a decimal value representing the power of
- 2; a value of 0 has an exponent of 0.
- Non-finite values are printed like <code>f</code>.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>A</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Like <code>a</code>, except uses <code>X</code>, <code>P</code>, and
- <code>ABCDEF</code> instead of lower case.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>n</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Takes a pointer to <code>int</code>, and stores a count
- of the number of bytes written so far. No
- output is created.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>p</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Takes a pointer to <code>void</code>, and prints it in
- an implementation-defined format. This
- implementation is similar to <code>%#tx</code>), except
- that <code>0x</code> appears even for the NULL pointer.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt><code>m</code></dt>
- <dd><p>Prints the output of <code>strerror(errno)</code>; no
- argument is required. A GNU extension.
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
-
- </li></ul>
-
-
- <p><code>_wprintf_r</code>, <code>_fwprintf_r</code>, <code>_swprintf_r</code>, are simply
- reentrant versions of the functions above.
- </p>
- <br>
- <p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
- On success, <code>swprintf</code> return the number of wide characters in
- the output string, except the concluding <code>NUL</code> is not counted.
- <code>wprintf</code> and <code>fwprintf</code> return the number of characters transmitted.
- </p>
- <p>If an error occurs, the result of <code>wprintf</code>, <code>fwprintf</code>, and
- <code>swprintf</code> is a negative value. For <code>wprintf</code> and <code>fwprintf</code>,
- <code>errno</code> may be set according to <code>fputwc</code>. For <code>swprintf</code>, <code>errno</code>
- may be set to EOVERFLOW if <var>size</var> is greater than INT_MAX / sizeof (wchar_t),
- or when the output does not fit into <var>size</var> wide characters (including the
- terminating wide <code>NULL</code>).
- </p>
- <br>
- <p><strong>Bugs</strong><br>
- The “”’ (quote) flag does not work when locale’s thousands_sep is not empty.
- </p>
- <br>
- <p><strong>Portability</strong><br>
- POSIX-1.2008 with extensions; C99 (compliant except for POSIX extensions).
- </p>
- <p>Depending on how newlib was configured, not all format specifiers are
- supported.
- </p>
- <p>Supporting OS subroutines required: <code>close</code>, <code>fstat</code>, <code>isatty</code>,
- <code>lseek</code>, <code>read</code>, <code>sbrk</code>, <code>write</code>.
- </p>
- <br>
-
- <hr>
- <div class="header">
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